File:Grand Canyon National Park- Pocked Surface 0918 (7706160882).jpg
![File:Grand Canyon National Park- Pocked Surface 0918 (7706160882).jpg](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Grand_Canyon_National_Park-_Pocked_Surface_0918_%287706160882%29.jpg/800px-Grand_Canyon_National_Park-_Pocked_Surface_0918_%287706160882%29.jpg?20200420182637)
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Summary
[edit]DescriptionGrand Canyon National Park- Pocked Surface 0918 (7706160882).jpg |
The easily erodable Kaibab Limestone often forms pockets and sharp edges on any area exposed to the elements. NPS Photo by Kristen M. Caldon Kaibab Formation: Thickness: 200-500 ft. Deposited 270 million years ago, during the Paleozoic Era - Early Middle Permian Period, the Kaibab Formation is the topmost rock layer at the Grand Canyon. It is largely made up of light colored limestones and is a cliff forming unit. The Kaibab Formation contains numerous fossils indicative of a warm and shallow water environment, including crinoids, brachiopods, bryozoans, and sponges. Chert, which forms irregular blobs and nodules, is common in the Kaibab. Chert is composed of silica and, as it is more resistant to weathering, can often be seen protruding from the rock around it. It often forms where there is an empty space in the rock, such as in a worm burrow. It also forms where an organism made primarily of silica, such as a sponge, has been buried. Most of the sponges in the Kaibab Formation are preserved in chert. The Kaibab Limestone is also distinct in that it is readily dissolved, resulting in the formation of karst topography on the canyon’s rims. Numerous caves and sinkholes are present in the Kaibab, particularly on the North Rim. While the Kaibab Limestone now caps Grand Canyon’s rims, many more rock layers once sat above the Kaibab. Perhaps as much as one mile (1.6 km) of Mesozoic rock layers once covered the Kaibab Formation. Remnants of these rock layers exist near Grand Canyon, including Cedar Mountain and Red Butte. |
Date | |
Source | Grand Canyon National Park- Pocked Surface_0918 |
Author | Grand Canyon National Park |
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This image was originally posted to Flickr by Grand Canyon NPS at https://flickr.com/photos/50693818@N08/7706160882. It was reviewed on 20 April 2020 by FlickreviewR 2 and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-2.0. |
20 April 2020
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current | 18:26, 20 April 2020 | ![]() | 3,872 × 2,592 (2 MB) | Killarnee (talk | contribs) | Transferred from Flickr via #flickr2commons |
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Camera manufacturer | NIKON CORPORATION |
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Exposure time | 1/320 sec (0.003125) |
F-number | f/10 |
ISO speed rating | 320 |
Date and time of data generation | 11:18, 24 July 2012 |
Lens focal length | 45 mm |
Width | 3,872 px |
Height | 2,592 px |
Bits per component |
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Orientation | Normal |
Number of components | 3 |
Horizontal resolution | 300 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 300 dpi |
Software used | Adobe Photoshop CS5 Windows |
File change date and time | 15:31, 30 July 2012 |
Y and C positioning | Co-sited |
Exposure Program | Manual |
Exif version | 2.21 |
Date and time of digitizing | 11:18, 24 July 2012 |
Meaning of each component |
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APEX shutter speed | 8.321928 |
APEX aperture | 6.643856 |
APEX exposure bias | 0 |
Maximum land aperture | 3 APEX (f/2.83) |
Subject distance | 1.5 meters |
Metering mode | Center weighted average |
Light source | Unknown |
Flash | Flash did not fire |
DateTime subseconds | 65 |
DateTimeOriginal subseconds | 65 |
DateTimeDigitized subseconds | 65 |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Color space | sRGB |
Sensing method | One-chip color area sensor |
File source | Digital still camera |
Scene type | A directly photographed image |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
Exposure mode | Manual exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 1 |
Focal length in 35 mm film | 67 mm |
Scene capture type | Standard |
Scene control | None |
Contrast | Hard |
Saturation | High saturation |
Sharpness | Hard |
Subject distance range | Unknown |
GPS tag version | 2.2.0.0 |
Lens used | 24.0-70.0 mm f/2.8 |
Date metadata was last modified | 08:31, 30 July 2012 |
Unique ID of original document | xmp.did:8E5A833D96DAE1119B11F49E855DDE24 |
IIM version | 101 |