File:Grand Canyon National Park- Fossils in Kaibab Limestone 0379 (7706178050).jpg
![File:Grand Canyon National Park- Fossils in Kaibab Limestone 0379 (7706178050).jpg](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Grand_Canyon_National_Park-_Fossils_in_Kaibab_Limestone_0379_%287706178050%29.jpg/401px-Grand_Canyon_National_Park-_Fossils_in_Kaibab_Limestone_0379_%287706178050%29.jpg?20200420182622)
Original file (2,592 × 3,872 pixels, file size: 5.56 MB, MIME type: image/jpeg)
Captions
Captions
Summary
[edit]DescriptionGrand Canyon National Park- Fossils in Kaibab Limestone 0379 (7706178050).jpg |
Many fossils of ancient sea life can be found along the rim of Grand Canyon in the Kaibab Limestone. NPS Photo by Kristen M. Caldon Kaibab Formation: Thickness: 200-500 ft. Deposited 270 million years ago, during the Paleozoic Era - Early Middle Permian Period, the Kaibab Formation is the topmost rock layer at the Grand Canyon. It is largely made up of light colored limestones and is a cliff forming unit. The Kaibab Formation contains numerous fossils indicative of a warm and shallow water environment, including crinoids, brachiopods, bryozoans, and sponges. Chert, which forms irregular blobs and nodules, is common in the Kaibab. Chert is composed of silica and, as it is more resistant to weathering, can often be seen protruding from the rock around it. It often forms where there is an empty space in the rock, such as in a worm burrow. It also forms where an organism made primarily of silica, such as a sponge, has been buried. Most of the sponges in the Kaibab Formation are preserved in chert. The Kaibab Limestone is also distinct in that it is readily dissolved, resulting in the formation of karst topography on the canyon’s rims. Numerous caves and sinkholes are present in the Kaibab, particularly on the North Rim. While the Kaibab Limestone now caps Grand Canyon’s rims, many more rock layers once sat above the Kaibab. Perhaps as much as one mile (1.6 km) of Mesozoic rock layers once covered the Kaibab Formation. Remnants of these rock layers exist near Grand Canyon, including Cedar Mountain and Red Butte. |
Date | |
Source | Grand Canyon National Park- Fossils in Kaibab Limestone_0379 |
Author | Grand Canyon National Park |
Licensing
[edit]![w:en:Creative Commons](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/CC_some_rights_reserved.svg/90px-CC_some_rights_reserved.svg.png)
![attribution](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Cc-by_new_white.svg/24px-Cc-by_new_white.svg.png)
- You are free:
- to share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work
- to remix – to adapt the work
- Under the following conditions:
- attribution – You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
![]() |
This image was originally posted to Flickr by Grand Canyon NPS at https://flickr.com/photos/50693818@N08/7706178050. It was reviewed on 20 April 2020 by FlickreviewR 2 and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-2.0. |
20 April 2020
File history
Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time.
Date/Time | Thumbnail | Dimensions | User | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
current | 18:26, 20 April 2020 | ![]() | 2,592 × 3,872 (5.56 MB) | Killarnee (talk | contribs) | Transferred from Flickr via #flickr2commons |
You cannot overwrite this file.
File usage on Commons
The following page uses this file:
Metadata
This file contains additional information such as Exif metadata which may have been added by the digital camera, scanner, or software program used to create or digitize it. If the file has been modified from its original state, some details such as the timestamp may not fully reflect those of the original file. The timestamp is only as accurate as the clock in the camera, and it may be completely wrong.
Camera manufacturer | NIKON CORPORATION |
---|---|
Camera model | NIKON D200 |
Exposure time | 1/2,500 sec (0.0004) |
F-number | f/8 |
ISO speed rating | 320 |
Date and time of data generation | 10:24, 18 July 2012 |
Lens focal length | 35 mm |
Width | 2,592 px |
Height | 3,872 px |
Bits per component |
|
Pixel composition | RGB |
Orientation | Normal |
Number of components | 3 |
Horizontal resolution | 300 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 300 dpi |
Software used | Adobe Photoshop CS5 Windows |
File change date and time | 12:43, 3 August 2012 |
Y and C positioning | Co-sited |
Exposure Program | Manual |
Exif version | 2.21 |
Date and time of digitizing | 10:24, 18 July 2012 |
Meaning of each component |
|
Image compression mode | 4 |
APEX shutter speed | 11.287712 |
APEX aperture | 6 |
APEX exposure bias | 0 |
Maximum land aperture | 3 APEX (f/2.83) |
Subject distance | 0.56 meters |
Metering mode | Spot |
Light source | Unknown |
Flash | Flash did not fire |
DateTime subseconds | 73 |
DateTimeOriginal subseconds | 73 |
DateTimeDigitized subseconds | 73 |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Color space | sRGB |
Sensing method | One-chip color area sensor |
File source | Digital still camera |
Scene type | A directly photographed image |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
Exposure mode | Manual exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 1 |
Focal length in 35 mm film | 52 mm |
Scene capture type | Standard |
Scene control | None |
Contrast | Hard |
Saturation | High saturation |
Sharpness | Hard |
Subject distance range | Unknown |
GPS tag version | 2.2.0.0 |
Lens used | 24.0-70.0 mm f/2.8 |
Date metadata was last modified | 05:43, 3 August 2012 |
Unique ID of original document | xmp.did:1214EBA5A2DDE1119BB0D5C6EC88380D |