File:Giant canyon passage (Main Cave, Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, USA) 5 (24255461528).jpg
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[edit]DescriptionGiant canyon passage (Main Cave, Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, USA) 5 (24255461528).jpg |
Western Kentucky's Mammoth Cave is the longest cave system on Earth, with 412 miles known and mapped as of fall 2017. The name does not refer to the early discovery of fossil mastodon or mammoth bones here. Rather, the name refers to the immense size of many rooms and passages. The system is famous for having giant canyon passages. Canyons are taller than they are wide. Giant canyons often have a boxy or rectangular cross-section because they are significantly filled with sediments and breakdown - often more than 50% filled. At one site (at least), about 80 feet worth of fill is present. Shown above is Main Cave, the main trunk in Mammoth Cave Ridge. The original passage stretched for many miles, but it has become erosively segregated into segments. Upstream, in the southeastern parts of Mammoth Cave Ridge, Main Cave is called Grand Avenue, or Kentucky Avenue. A short segment called Sandstone Avenue, near the Carmichael Entrance, is also part of this main trunk. Breakdown blocks both ends of Sandstone Avenue. Just downstream from Sandstone Avenue is the Violet City entrance, which is in a sinkhole. From Violet City ~northward, there is a continuous, uninterrupted passage called Main Cave. This continues near the Historic Entrance as Broadway Avenue and Audubon Avenue. A large breakdown pile underneath a surface sinkhole blocks Audubon Avenue - further downstream segments of the passage have been eroded away. Dim lighting makes photography difficult. The view seen here is looking in the old downstream direction. A subterranean river used to flow through here. Main Cave is at level B in the Mammoth Cave system, which is the 2nd-oldest and the 2nd-elevationally highest set of passages. Level B passages started forming during the Pliocene, 2 to 4 million years ago. The ceiling and walls of Main Cave consist of marine limestones of the upper Ste. Genevieve Limestone (upper Middle Mississippian). Locality: Main Cave, north of Giant's Coffin, Mammoth Cave Ridge, Mammoth Cave National Park, western Kentucky, USA |
Date | |
Source | Giant canyon passage (Main Cave, Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, USA) 5 |
Author | James St. John |
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This image was originally posted to Flickr by James St. John at https://flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/24255461528 (archive). It was reviewed on 13 October 2019 by FlickreviewR 2 and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-2.0. |
13 October 2019
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current | 17:36, 13 October 2019 | 4,000 × 3,000 (5.44 MB) | Ser Amantio di Nicolao (talk | contribs) | Transferred from Flickr via #flickr2commons |
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Camera manufacturer | Canon |
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Camera model | Canon PowerShot D10 |
Exposure time | 1/1 sec (1) |
F-number | f/2.8 |
ISO speed rating | 320 |
Date and time of data generation | 13:15, 20 January 2013 |
Lens focal length | 6.2 mm |
Image title | |
Width | 4,000 px |
Height | 3,000 px |
Bits per component |
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Pixel composition | RGB |
Orientation | Normal |
Number of components | 3 |
Horizontal resolution | 180 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 180 dpi |
Software used | Adobe Photoshop Elements 13.0 (Macintosh) |
File change date and time | 03:49, 2 November 2017 |
Y and C positioning | Co-sited |
Exif version | 2.21 |
Date and time of digitizing | 13:15, 20 January 2013 |
Meaning of each component |
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Image compression mode | 2 |
APEX shutter speed | 0 |
APEX aperture | 2.96875 |
APEX exposure bias | −0.66666666666667 |
Maximum land aperture | 2.96875 APEX (f/2.8) |
Metering mode | Pattern |
Flash | Flash did not fire, compulsory flash suppression |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
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Focal plane resolution unit | inches |
Sensing method | One-chip color area sensor |
File source | Digital still camera |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
Exposure mode | Manual exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 1 |
Scene capture type | Standard |
Lens used | 6.2-18.6 mm |
Date metadata was last modified | 23:49, 1 November 2017 |
Unique ID of original document | 0EA1FCD98D3068DED92B1E27F70F0FFA |
IIM version | 29,735 |