File:General physiology of muscles and nerves (1881) (14777275872).jpg

Identifier: generalphysiolo00rose (find matches)
Title: General physiology of muscles and nerves
Year: 1881 (1880s)
Authors: Rosenthal, I. (Isidor), 1836-1915
Subjects: Physiology Muscles Nerves
Publisher: New York, D. Appleton and company
Contributing Library: Columbia University Libraries
Digitizing Sponsor: Open Knowledge Commons

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capable of motionin opposite directions. Thepoint of attachment betweentwo bones is called the socket;and the surfaces of the twoends of the bones where theytouch each other are called thesocket surfaces. The motionwhich these bones have thepower of exercising in oppositedirections varies with the formof these socket surfaces. Whenthe surface of the socket is ofsemi-spherical form, the motionis most free, and can be exert-ed backward or forward in anydirection. The socket in thiscase is called a ball- or nut-socket. An example of this sortmay be seen at the upper endof the bone of the upper arm. Fig. g. The boxes of thewhere it ends in a ball-shaped ^^^ surface which is applied to a ???o le 7^™-4:corresponding socket surface in SlYoXrottreibow.°*.the shoulder blade. In other cases motion can only take place in a definite direc-tion, as, for instance, in the case of the socket con-necting the upper and fore arms. These are calledhinge-sockets. They serve to increase or decrease the
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20 PHYSIOLOGY OF MUSCLES AND NERVES. angle between the two parts. To mention all thevarious forms of sockets and the movements which theyallow would lead us too far; it is sufficient to haveshown that the action of the muscles is affected by thebones between which they are extended. In order, how-ever, to examine the contractile power of muscles, thelatter may be detached from the bones and examinedby themselves. The muscles of warm-blooded animals are but ill-adapted for this purpose ; fortunately, however, those ofcold-blooded animals not only possess the same qualities,but retain the power of contraction long after their re-moval from the animal, a circumstance which rendersthem very valuable for purposes of study. The frog ismost frequently used in such experiments, both onaccount of its common occurrence and of the power ofits muscles. If a frog is beheaded and an entire muscleis cut from either its upper or lower thigh, one of thetendons of this muscle may be fixed in a vice, an

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