File:Fossil charcoal (Bedford Coal, Middle Pennsylvanian; Noland Tunnel's north portal outcrop, Tunnel Hill, Coshocton County, Ohio, USA) (31065857874).jpg
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[edit]DescriptionFossil charcoal (Bedford Coal, Middle Pennsylvanian; Noland Tunnel's north portal outcrop, Tunnel Hill, Coshocton County, Ohio, USA) (31065857874).jpg |
Fossil charcoal from the Pennsylvanian of Ohio, USA. (2.5 cm across along the base) This fossil is from the Pottsville Group, a Pennsylvanian-aged cyclothemic succession containing nonmarine shales, marine shales, siltstones, sandstones, coals, marine limestones, and chert ("flint"). The lower Pottsville dates to the late Early Pennsylvanian. The upper part dates to the early Middle Pennsylvanian. The Lower-Middle Pennsylvanian boundary is apparently somewhere near the Boggs Member (?). The specimen is derived from the Bedford Coal, a horizon that occurs just below the Upper Mercer Limestone (or Upper Mercer Flint). Lithologically, the Bedford ranges from carbonaceous shale to argillaceous coal to bituminous coal to cannel coal. The cannel coal in the Bedford was targeted for mining in the 1800s as a source of fuel. It was particularly useful in the manufacture of kerosene, an illuminating fuel. After the petroleum industry started in the 1860s, production of kerosene from cannel coal essentially ceased. At this locality, the Bedford Coal consists of cannel coal and bituminous coal. This fossil is a thin, delicate, detached crust of compressed fossil charcoal. The Pennsylvanian was a time of relatively high atmospheric oxygen (O2) levels, and forest fires were relatively common events. Charcoalized fossil wood can be found in some abundance in Pennsylvanian sedimentary successions. The original wood microstructure is usually well preserved, but the charcoal fragments themselves are quite delicate. A gentle rub with a finger turns these fragments into black powder. Sometimes, the fossil charcoal is partially pyritized. The faint rainbow-colored area is a weathering film composed of turgite (hydrous iron oxide). Stratigraphy: Bedford Coal, upper Pottsville Group, Atokan Stage, lower Middle Pennsylvanian Locality: Tunnel Hill North Portal Outcrop (= Noland Tunnel's northern portal), ~1.75 air miles north-northeast of the town of Tunnel Hill, western Coshocton County, eastern Ohio, USA (~40° 16’ 33.27” North latitude, ~82° 01’ 53.04” West longitude) |
Date | |
Source | Fossil charcoal (Bedford Coal, Middle Pennsylvanian; Noland Tunnel's north portal outcrop, Tunnel Hill, Coshocton County, Ohio, USA) |
Author | James St. John |
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This image was originally posted to Flickr by James St. John at https://flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/31065857874. It was reviewed on 24 June 2017 by FlickreviewR and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-2.0. |
24 June 2017
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current | 17:26, 24 June 2017 | 1,593 × 1,394 (2.06 MB) | Ser Amantio di Nicolao (talk | contribs) | Transferred from Flickr via Flickr2Commons |
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Camera manufacturer | Canon |
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ISO speed rating | 80 |
Date and time of data generation | 23:51, 26 December 2016 |
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Image title | |
Width | 3,000 px |
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Bits per component |
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Orientation | Normal |
Number of components | 3 |
Horizontal resolution | 180 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 180 dpi |
Software used | Adobe Photoshop Elements 13.0 (Macintosh) |
File change date and time | 01:11, 27 December 2016 |
Y and C positioning | Co-sited |
Exif version | 2.21 |
Date and time of digitizing | 23:51, 26 December 2016 |
Meaning of each component |
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APEX shutter speed | 5.90625 |
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APEX exposure bias | −0.66666666666667 |
Maximum land aperture | 3.625 APEX (f/3.51) |
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Focal plane resolution unit | inches |
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File source | Digital still camera |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
Exposure mode | Manual exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 1 |
Scene capture type | Standard |
Lens used | 6.2-18.6 mm |
Date metadata was last modified | 20:11, 26 December 2016 |
Unique ID of original document | D82B486F496B261FFFFEC0E3C76B4711 |
IIM version | 1 |