File:Flower from which "Burundanga" (scopolamine) is extracted (4625671645).jpg
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Summary
[edit]DescriptionFlower from which "Burundanga" (scopolamine) is extracted (4625671645).jpg |
Scopolamine, also known as levo-duboisine, and hyoscine, is a tropane alkaloid drug with muscarinic antagonist effects. Scopolamine poisoning is sometimes reported as a way used by murderers or robbers, although largely exaggerated in many unfounded rumors. Scopolomine in the form of burundanga was reported to be in "epidemic use" in Bogota Colombia in 1995. The drug was given to unwitting victims who were not only robbed, but were put to work as "mules" carrying smuggled cocaine across the border, only to wake up with very little memory of the event. It is a form of "chemical hypnosis", and the victim can talk, drive a car and navigate while still under its influence. There are unfounded circulating rumors that a transcutaneous delivery mechanism using business cards, pamphlets or flyers laced with the drug, could be effective. Indeed, the quantity of toxin diffusing through the skin barrier after one short contact of the fingers with an object is much too small to be readily absorbed in the body and to have any significant effect. The use of burundanga (aka Scopolamine) impregnated visit cards to attack and to rob isolated people is often propagated by chain emails and is presently reported as hoax or urban legend by many specialised web sites. Meanwhile, spiked alcoholic drinks (direct ingestion) could have been occasionally used. [Wikipedia.org] |
Date | |
Source | Flower from which "Burundanga" (scopolamine) is extracted |
Author | Jorge Láscar from Australia |
Camera location | 11° 17′ 23.22″ N, 74° 09′ 12.96″ W | View this and other nearby images on: OpenStreetMap | 11.289782; -74.153599 |
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Licensing
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This image was originally posted to Flickr by Jorge Lascar at https://www.flickr.com/photos/8721758@N06/4625671645. It was reviewed on 2 April 2014 by FlickreviewR and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-2.0. |
2 April 2014
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current | 07:49, 2 April 2014 | 3,216 × 2,136 (1.72 MB) | Russavia (talk | contribs) | Transferred from Flickr |
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Metadata
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Camera manufacturer | NIKON CORPORATION |
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Camera model | NIKON D90 |
Exposure time | 1/250 sec (0.004) |
F-number | f/8 |
ISO speed rating | 200 |
Date and time of data generation | 16:04, 18 September 2009 |
Lens focal length | 66 mm |
Orientation | Normal |
Horizontal resolution | 300 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 300 dpi |
Software used | Ver.1.00 |
File change date and time | 16:04, 18 September 2009 |
Y and C positioning | Co-sited |
Exposure Program | Not defined |
Exif version | 2.21 |
Date and time of digitizing | 16:04, 18 September 2009 |
Meaning of each component |
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Image compression mode | 2 |
APEX exposure bias | 0 |
Maximum land aperture | 4.8 APEX (f/5.28) |
Metering mode | Pattern |
Light source | Unknown |
Flash | Flash did not fire, auto mode |
DateTime subseconds | 00 |
DateTimeOriginal subseconds | 00 |
DateTimeDigitized subseconds | 00 |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Color space | sRGB |
Sensing method | One-chip color area sensor |
File source | Digital still camera |
Scene type | A directly photographed image |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
Exposure mode | Auto exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 1 |
Focal length in 35 mm film | 99 mm |
Scene capture type | Standard |
Scene control | None |
Contrast | Normal |
Saturation | Normal |
Sharpness | Normal |
Subject distance range | Unknown |
GPS tag version | 2.2.0.0 |