File:Fault in sulfidic shale (Kupferschiefer Formation, Upper Permian; Mansfeld, Germany) 1.jpg
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[edit]DescriptionFault in sulfidic shale (Kupferschiefer Formation, Upper Permian; Mansfeld, Germany) 1.jpg |
English: Fault in sulfidic shale from the Permian of Germany.
This is a sample from the famous Kupferschiefer of Germany. The name means "copper shale". It is a thin (<1 meter thick), black shale horizon in the Permian of many parts of northern Europe - for example, Germany, Poland, and parts of Britain. The horizon is estimated to be present at the surface or in the subsurface over an area of at least 20,000 square kilometers. The dark color of the rock is due to a high organic carbon content. The material bubbles slightly in acid - it is calcareous. Kupferschiefer samples are heavy for their size - they contain a relative abundance of finely disseminated sulfide minerals. Sometimes, veins and veinlets of sulfides are present. Reported minerals include chalcocite (Cu2S - copper sulfide), chalcopyrite (CuFeS2 - copper iron sulfide), bornite (Cu5FeS4 - copper iron sulfide), pyrite (FeS2 - iron sulfide), galena (PbS - lead sulfide), sphalerite (ZnS - zinc sulfide), tetrahedrite (Cu12Sb4S13 - copper antimony sulfide), and others. Minor amounts of precious metals, such as gold and platinum-group elements, are also known. The copper content has made the Kupferschiefer a mining target in Germany since Medieval times. Surficial smelting of Kupferschiefer outcrops was done as far back as the Bronze Age. Mining is also done in parts of Poland. The origin of the Kupferschiefer's mineralization has been explained by several hypotheses in the literature. Traditionally, this stratabound copper sulfide deposit was interpreted as having formed by metal sulfide precipitation on an ancient Permian seafloor in stagnant water with reducing conditions. Subsequent investigations have demonstrated that metal-rich fluids have gone through the Kupferschiefer, plus some overlying and underlying rocks, and precipitated various sulfide minerals. Two pulses of sulfide mineralization have been identified: at around 149 Ma (Late Jurassic) and 53 Ma (Eocene). Suggested causative events for the mineralization are the breakup of Pangaea during the Mesozoic and the closure of the Tethys Sea during the early Tertiary (see Borg et al., 2012). The lineations on the rock are slickenlines on a fault surface. Stratigraphy: Kupferschiefer Formation, lower Zechstein Series, Upper Permian Locality: undisclosed/unrecorded site attributed to Mansfeld, eastern Germany Mostly synthesized from: Guilbert & Park (1986) - The Geology of Ore Deposits. 985 pp. Borg et al. (2012) - An overview of the European Kupferschiefer Deposits. Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication 16: 455-486. See info. at: translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=de&u=http... |
Date | |
Source | https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/51118221428/ |
Author | James St. John |
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This image was originally posted to Flickr by James St. John at https://flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/51118221428. It was reviewed on 19 April 2021 by FlickreviewR 2 and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-2.0. |
19 April 2021
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current | 14:03, 19 April 2021 | ![]() | 4,000 × 2,134 (5.75 MB) | Ser Amantio di Nicolao (talk | contribs) | Uploaded a work by James St. John from https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/51118221428/ with UploadWizard |
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Camera manufacturer | Canon |
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Camera model | Canon PowerShot D10 |
Exposure time | 1/60 sec (0.016666666666667) |
F-number | f/11 |
ISO speed rating | 80 |
Date and time of data generation | 16:11, 12 April 2021 |
Lens focal length | 11.614 mm |
Width | 4,000 px |
Height | 3,000 px |
Bits per component |
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Pixel composition | RGB |
Orientation | Normal |
Number of components | 3 |
Horizontal resolution | 180 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 180 dpi |
Software used | Adobe Photoshop Elements 18.0 (Macintosh) |
File change date and time | 01:56, 15 April 2021 |
Y and C positioning | Co-sited |
Exif version | 2.21 |
Date and time of digitizing | 16:11, 12 April 2021 |
Meaning of each component |
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Image compression mode | 3 |
APEX shutter speed | 5.90625 |
APEX aperture | 6.90625 |
APEX exposure bias | −0.66666666666667 |
Maximum land aperture | 4 APEX (f/4) |
Metering mode | Pattern |
Flash | Flash fired, compulsory flash firing, red-eye reduction mode |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Color space | sRGB |
Focal plane X resolution | 16,460.905349794 |
Focal plane Y resolution | 16,483.516483516 |
Focal plane resolution unit | inches |
Sensing method | One-chip color area sensor |
File source | Digital still camera |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
Exposure mode | Manual exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 1 |
Scene capture type | Standard |
Lens used | 6.2-18.6 mm |
Date metadata was last modified | 21:56, 14 April 2021 |
Unique ID of original document | 976B818B8248F4EBF494A571E74A9F47 |
IIM version | 24,576 |