File:Douglas Fir needle with galls (31225230214).jpg

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Description	Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) needles attacked by two bioagressors : 1) the somewhat inflated bases of the needles colored with violet are galls caused by the Douglas fir needles gall midge (Contarinia pseudotsugae s.l.) 2) the brownish/reddish, dessicated needle tips are probably caused by a fungal pathogen (maybe the Swiss Needle Cast, Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii). These last symptoms could also be caused by physiological problems or by the destruction of the needle conductory tissues by the Contarinia larvae.
Date	6 September 2016, 21:53
Source	Douglas Fir needle with galls
Author	Gilles San Martin from Namur, Belgium

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This image was originally posted to Flickr by Gilles San Martin at https://flickr.com/photos/9082612@N05/31225230214 (archive). It was reviewed on 23 November 2017 by FlickreviewR 2 and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-sa-2.0.

23 November 2017

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	Date/Time	Thumbnail	Dimensions	User	Comment
current	19:58, 23 November 2017		5,356 × 3,571 (5.58 MB)	Rudolphous (talk \| contribs)	Transferred from Flickr via Flickr2Commons

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This file contains additional information such as Exif metadata which may have been added by the digital camera, scanner, or software program used to create or digitize it. If the file has been modified from its original state, some details such as the timestamp may not fully reflect those of the original file. The timestamp is only as accurate as the clock in the camera, and it may be completely wrong.

Image title	Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) needles attacked by two bioagressors : 1) the somewhat inflated bases of the needles colored with violet are galls caused by the Douglas fir needles gall midge (Contarinia pseudotsugae s.l.) 2) the brownish/reddish, dessicated needle tips are probably caused by a fungal pathogen (maybe the Swiss Needle Cast, Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii). These last symptoms could also be caused by physiological problems or by the destruction of the needle conductory tissues by the Contarinia larvae.
Camera manufacturer	NIKON CORPORATION
Camera model	NIKON D7100
Author	Gilles San Martin
Copyright holder	Gilles San Martin
Exposure time	1/60 sec (0.016666666666667)
F-number	f/11
ISO speed rating	100
Date and time of data generation	21:53, 6 September 2016
Lens focal length	60 mm
User comments	Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) needles attacked by two bioagressors : 1) the somewhat inflated bases of the needles colored with violet are galls caused by the Douglas fir needles gall midge (Contarinia pseudotsugae s.l.) 2) the brownish/reddish, dessicated needle tips are probably caused by a fungal pathogen (maybe the Swiss Needle Cast, Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii). These last symptoms could also be caused by physiological problems or by the destruction of the needle conductory tissues by the Contarinia larvae.
Short title	Douglas Fir needle with galls
JPEG file comment	Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) needles attacked by two bioagressors : 1) the somewhat inflated bases of the needles colored with violet are galls caused by the Douglas fir needles gall midge (Contarinia pseudotsugae s.l.) 2) the brownish/reddish, dessicated needle tips are probably caused by a fungal pathogen (maybe the Swiss Needle Cast, Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii). These last symptoms could also be caused by physiological problems or by the destruction of the needle conductory tissues by the Contarinia larvae.
Orientation	Normal
Horizontal resolution	300 dpi
Vertical resolution	300 dpi
Software used	GIMP 2.6.12
File change date and time	21:53, 6 September 2016
Y and C positioning	Co-sited
Exposure Program	Aperture priority
Exif version	2.3
Date and time of digitizing	21:53, 6 September 2016
Meaning of each component	Y Cb Cr does not exist
Image compression mode	4
APEX exposure bias	0
Maximum land aperture	4.3 APEX (f/4.44)
Metering mode	Spot
Light source	Unknown
Flash	Flash fired, strobe return light not detected, compulsory flash firing
DateTime subseconds	60
DateTimeOriginal subseconds	60
DateTimeDigitized subseconds	60
Supported Flashpix version	1
Color space	sRGB
Sensing method	One-chip color area sensor
File source	Digital still camera
Scene type	A directly photographed image
Custom image processing	Normal process
Exposure mode	Auto exposure
White balance	Auto white balance
Digital zoom ratio	1
Focal length in 35 mm film	90 mm
Scene capture type	Standard
Scene control	None
Contrast	Normal
Saturation	Normal
Sharpness	Normal
Subject distance range	Unknown
GPS tag version	0.0.3.2
Date metadata was last modified	21:53, 6 September 2016
Keywords	cecidomyiidae diptera gall douglas

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File:Douglas Fir needle with galls (31225230214).jpg

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