File:Dortmund 007.jpg
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[edit]DescriptionDortmund 007.jpg |
English: Dortmund
The Ruhr area ('Ruhrgebiet') is named after the river that borders it to the south and is the largest urban area in Germany with over five million people. It is mostly known as a densely-populated industrial area. By 1850 there were almost 300 coal mines in operation in the Ruhr area. The coal was exported or processed in coking ovens into coke, used in blast furnaces, producing iron and steel. Because of the industrial significance, it had been a target from the start of the war, yet "the organized defences and the large amount of industrial pollutants produced a semi-permanent smog or industrial haze that hampered accurate bombing". During World War II, the industry and cities in the Ruhr area were heavily bombed. The combination of the lack of historic city centres, which were burned to ashes, and (air) pollution has given the area and the cities a bad reputation. Especially because it is so close to the Netherlands, I thought it would be an interesting area to visit for a little trip. I have spent three nights at a campsite on the Ruhr and visited six cities. Dortmund is the largest city in the Ruhr area. It has a population of almost 590,000 inhabitants, making it the eighth largest city in Germany. Dortmund was founded around 882. Throughout the 13th to 14th centuries, it was the "chief city" of the Rhine, Westphalia, and the Netherlands Circle of the Hanseatic League. During the Thirty Years' War, the city was destroyed and decreased in significance until the onset of industrialization. The city then became one of Germany's most important coal, steel and beer centres. The town expanded into a city, with the population rising from 57,742 in 1875 to 379,950 in 1905. Sprawling residential areas like the North, East, Union and Kreuz district sprang up in less than 10 years. Dortmund consequently was one of the most heavily bombed cities in Germany during World War II. The devastating bombing raids of 12 March 1945 destroyed 98% of buildings in the inner city center. These bombing raids, with more than 1,110 aircraft, hold the record to a single target in World War II. Post-war, most of the ancient buildings were not restored, and large parts of the city area were completely rebuilt in the style of the 1950s. A few historic buildings as the main churches Reinoldikirche and Marienkirche were restored or rebuilt, and extensive parks and gardens were laid out. The simple but successful postwar rebuilding has resulted in a very mixed and unique cityscape. Source: Wikipedia (edited) |
Date | |
Source | https://www.flickr.com/photos/rutgervandermaar/50382439278/ |
Author | Rutger van der Maar |
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This image was originally posted to Flickr by Rutger van der Maar at https://flickr.com/photos/83468718@N06/50382439278. It was reviewed on 23 April 2021 by FlickreviewR 2 and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-2.0. |
23 April 2021
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current | 21:30, 23 April 2021 | ![]() | 2,048 × 2,731 (1.88 MB) | DestinationFearFan (talk | contribs) | Uploaded a work by Rutger van der Maar from https://www.flickr.com/photos/rutgervandermaar/50382439278/ with UploadWizard |
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Metadata
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Camera manufacturer | Canon |
Camera model | Canon PowerShot G10 |
Exposure time | 1/320 sec (0.003125) |
F-number | f/4 |
ISO speed rating | 80 |
Date and time of data generation | 13:50, 20 August 2020 |
Lens focal length | 6.1 mm |
Orientation | Normal |
Horizontal resolution | 300 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 300 dpi |
Software used | darktable 3.2.1 |
File change date and time | 19:47, 25 September 2020 |
Y and C positioning | Co-sited |
Exif version | 2.21 |
Date and time of digitizing | 13:50, 20 August 2020 |
Meaning of each component |
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Image compression mode | 5 |
APEX shutter speed | 8.3125 |
APEX aperture | 4 |
APEX exposure bias | −0.33333333333333 |
Maximum land aperture | 2.96875 APEX (f/2.8) |
Metering mode | Pattern |
Flash | Flash did not fire, compulsory flash suppression |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Color space | sRGB |
Focal plane X resolution | 11,835.616438356 |
Focal plane Y resolution | 11,835.616438356 |
Focal plane resolution unit | inches |
Sensing method | One-chip color area sensor |
File source | Digital still camera |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
Exposure mode | Manual exposure |
White balance | Manual white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 1 |
Scene capture type | Standard |
Rating (out of 5) | 1 |