File:Coralloids (knobstone; cave popcorn) in Great Onyx Cave (Flint Ridge, Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky, USA) 1 (8314209948).jpg
Original file (4,000 × 3,000 pixels, file size: 4.58 MB, MIME type: image/jpeg)
Captions
Summary
[edit]DescriptionCoralloids (knobstone; cave popcorn) in Great Onyx Cave (Flint Ridge, Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky, USA) 1 (8314209948).jpg |
Coralloids (knobstone; cave popcorn) in Great Onyx Cave. Great Onyx Cave is located in the northern part of Flint Ridge in Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky, USA. It has 8 miles worth of mapped passages. Geologically, Great Onyx Cave is part of the Mammoth Cave System, but it has become erosively separated from it (although an air flow connection with the Mammoth Cave System has been identified). Great Onyx Cave is the downstream continuation of the Salt Cave section of the system. The walls of Great Onyx Cave are limestones of the Paoli Member, shales of the Bethel Member, and limestones of the Beaver Bend Member of the Girkin Formation (lower Upper Mississippian). The travertine speleothem-rich areas of Great Onyx Cave are wet and occur where a cap of overlying Big Clifty Sandstone is absent. The dry portions of the cave are below an intact Big Clifty Sandstone "caprock", and include the giant canyon passage areas and the gypsum speleothem areas. The main cave passage of Great Onyx Cave is called Edwards Avenue. It is a giant canyon passage at Level B in the Mammoth Cave System. Level B passages formed about 2 to 4 million years ago during the Pliocene. This cave is sometimes accessible to the general public by guided lantern tours during boreal summer months. This photo was taken during a field trip in June 2011 as part of a cave geology course at Mammoth Cave park. "Speleothem" is the technical term for "cave formations", and refers to all secondary mineral deposits in caves. The most common speleothem-forming mineral is calcite (CaCO3 - calcium carbonate), the same mineral in limestone, which is the host rock for almost all caves on Earth. Speleothem composed of calcium carbonate is given the compositional rock name travertine. Some travertine forms at the surface, at hot springs or cold springs. Cave travertine forms in many specific ways, and genetic rock names have been established for the many known varieties (e.g., dripstone, flowstone, helictites, coralloids, shelfstone, rimstone, etc.). The small pustulose structures shown above are coralloids (a.k.a. cave popcorn; a.k.a. knobstone), composed of travertine. They can partially or completely cover some cave walls and various types of speleothem. |
Date | |
Source | Coralloids (knobstone; cave popcorn) in Great Onyx Cave (Flint Ridge, Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky, USA) 1 |
Author | James St. John |
Licensing
[edit]- You are free:
- to share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work
- to remix – to adapt the work
- Under the following conditions:
- attribution – You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
This image was originally posted to Flickr by James St. John at https://flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/8314209948 (archive). It was reviewed on 14 October 2019 by FlickreviewR 2 and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-2.0. |
14 October 2019
File history
Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time.
Date/Time | Thumbnail | Dimensions | User | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
current | 17:17, 14 October 2019 | 4,000 × 3,000 (4.58 MB) | Ser Amantio di Nicolao (talk | contribs) | Transferred from Flickr via #flickr2commons |
You cannot overwrite this file.
File usage on Commons
There are no pages that use this file.
Metadata
This file contains additional information such as Exif metadata which may have been added by the digital camera, scanner, or software program used to create or digitize it. If the file has been modified from its original state, some details such as the timestamp may not fully reflect those of the original file. The timestamp is only as accurate as the clock in the camera, and it may be completely wrong.
Camera manufacturer | Canon |
---|---|
Camera model | Canon PowerShot D10 |
Exposure time | 1/60 sec (0.016666666666667) |
F-number | f/4.9 |
ISO speed rating | 250 |
Date and time of data generation | 14:28, 16 June 2011 |
Lens focal length | 18.6 mm |
Orientation | Normal |
Horizontal resolution | 180 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 180 dpi |
File change date and time | 14:28, 16 June 2011 |
Y and C positioning | Co-sited |
Exif version | 2.21 |
Date and time of digitizing | 14:28, 16 June 2011 |
Meaning of each component |
|
Image compression mode | 3 |
APEX shutter speed | 5.90625 |
APEX aperture | 4.59375 |
APEX exposure bias | 0 |
Maximum land aperture | 4.59375 APEX (f/4.91) |
Metering mode | Pattern |
Flash | Flash fired, auto mode, red-eye reduction mode |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Color space | sRGB |
Focal plane X resolution | 16,460.905349794 |
Focal plane Y resolution | 16,483.516483516 |
Focal plane resolution unit | inches |
Sensing method | One-chip color area sensor |
File source | Digital still camera |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
Exposure mode | Auto exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 1 |
Scene capture type | Standard |