File:Coralloids (knobstone) (Endless Caverns, Virginia, USA) (31263442075).jpg
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[edit]DescriptionCoralloids (knobstone) (Endless Caverns, Virginia, USA) (31263442075).jpg |
Travertine coralloids in a Virginia cave, USA. "Cave formations" in caves are technically called speleothem. Most speleothem is composed of travertine, a crystalline-textured chemical sedimentary rock composed of calcite (CaCO3). Travertine forms in most caves and at some springs by precipitation of crystals from water. Pure travertine is white. The colors seen in the travertine shown above are from iron oxides. Travertine speleothem occurs in a wide variety of forms. The most common variety is dripstone, which forms by the action of dripping water - examples include stalactites, stalagmites, columns, and draperies. The second most common variety is flowstone, which forms from flowing films of water. Flowstone has the appearance of a frozen waterfalls. The travertine speleothem shown above is in Endless Caverns in Virginia. The pustulose to nodulose structures covering the stalagmite are knobstone (a.k.a. coralloids; a.k.a. "cave popcorn"). There are multiple proposed origins of knobstone, including: 1) water seeping through cave bedrock and through cave popcorn itself 2) thin films of water flowing over wall irregularities 3) splash from dripping water 4) water moving by capillary action from pools into walls 5) condensation water 6) aerosols The publicly accessible portions of Endless Caverns are developed in structurally tilted carbonates of the New Market Limestone (Middle Ordovician). Other portions of the cave are in overlying units: the Lincolnshire Limestone and the Edinburgh Formation. Locality: Endless Caverns, south of the town of New Market, eastern Rockingham County, northern Virginia, USA |
Date | |
Source | Coralloids (knobstone) (Endless Caverns, Virginia, USA) |
Author | James St. John |
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This image was originally posted to Flickr by James St. John at https://flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/31263442075 (archive). It was reviewed on 12 October 2019 by FlickreviewR 2 and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-2.0. |
12 October 2019
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current | 13:32, 12 October 2019 | ![]() | 3,634 × 2,986 (6.85 MB) | Ser Amantio di Nicolao (talk | contribs) | Transferred from Flickr via #flickr2commons |
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Date and time of data generation | 13:06, 13 May 2016 |
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Image title | |
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Orientation | Normal |
Number of components | 3 |
Horizontal resolution | 180 dpi |
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Software used | Adobe Photoshop Elements 13.0 (Macintosh) |
File change date and time | 21:15, 26 November 2016 |
Y and C positioning | Co-sited |
Exif version | 2.21 |
Date and time of digitizing | 13:06, 13 May 2016 |
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File source | Digital still camera |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
Exposure mode | Manual exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 1 |
Scene capture type | Portrait |
Lens used | 6.2-18.6 mm |
Date metadata was last modified | 14:15, 26 November 2016 |
Unique ID of original document | 938808553D7D104FD14EB5AF27D18361 |