File:Clinker bed (Sentinel Butte Formation, Upper Paleocene; Coal Vein Trail, Roosevelt National Park, Little Missouri Badlands, North Dakota, USA) 1.jpg
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English: Clinker is a scarce, odd rock. It occurs adjacent to former coal bed horizons. Coal is combustible - that’s why coal is used as an energy source in human society. Coal beds can ignite accidentally or naturally. Accidental coal bed ignition often leads to environmental disaster areas (for example, Centralia, Pennsylvania, USA). Natural coal bed fires can be initiated by lightning strikes, grass fires, forest fires, or spontaneous combustion.
Some ancient coal beds in the geologic record have burned away, leaving behind clinker beds. “Clinker” is the term for thermal metamorphic rocks (combustion metamorphic rocks) that have been significantly altered by the heat of burning coal. The appearance and color of clinker varies significantly. Scoriaceous to semivitreous clinker is called buchite, which formed by partial fusion/melting. Some sedimentary rocks adjacent to coal fires have melted to form paralava. Subsequent cooling and shrinking can form pseudocolumnar jointing in clinker horizons. Non-vesicular clinker that resembles unglazed porcelain is called porcellanite (a.k.a. porcelanite). Clinker having numerous, differently-oriented, angular clasts jumbled together is called clinker-bed breccia, which forms by shifting and collapse of beds overlying a burned-out coal horizon. Some early explorers of the American Great Plains, not knowing the non-volcanic origin of this material, called natural clinker “pumice” or “scoria”. Clinker is still called "scoria" today in Wyoming, Montana, and North Dakota, where clinker horizons are common and conspicuous; they frequently cap hilltops and buttes. The terms "buchite" and "porcellanite" are not restricted to clinker lithologies. To prevent confusion, these terms should always be combined with the term "clinker" to refer to rock types associated with coal fires (i.e., "buchite clinker" and "porcellanite clinker"). Stratigraphy: Sentinel Butte Formation, upper Fort Union Group, Upper Paleocene Locality: outcrop near Coal Vein Trail, Little Missouri Badlands, South Unit of Roosevelt National Park, western North Dakota, USA |
| Date | |
| Source | https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/52051942475/ |
| Author | James St. John |
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This image was originally posted to Flickr by James St. John at https://flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/52051942475. It was reviewed on 8 May 2022 by FlickreviewR 2 and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-2.0. |
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| current | 03:36, 8 May 2022 | | 3,008 × 2,000 (4.82 MB) | Ser Amantio di Nicolao (talk | contribs) | Uploaded a work by James St. John from https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/52051942475/ with UploadWizard |
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