File:Bulletin (Pennsylvania Department of Forestry), no. 11 (1901) (20475011486).jpg

Title: Bulletin (Pennsylvania Department of Forestry), no. 11
Identifier: bulletinpennsylv11penx (find matches)
Year: 1901 (1900s)
Authors: Pennsylvania. Dept. of Forestry
Subjects: Forests and forestry
Publisher: Harrisburg, Pa. : The Department : WM. Stanley Ray, state printer of Pennsylvania
Contributing Library: Penn State University
Digitizing Sponsor: Lyrasis Members and Sloan Foundation

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A great many pure stands may be seen in the forests of Germany. Some of them were established over 100 years ago and are now ready to be cut. After more than a century of experience in planting, the German foresters are abandoning the policy of establishing pure stands and are advocating mixed forests. Mixed forests may con- sist of a mixture by single trees or of a mixture by groups. The mix- ture may be temporary or permanent, even-aged or uneven-aged. We should aim to improve the composition of our forests by re- ducing the percentage of inferior species and increasing that of the more valuable ones. The present cover types which consist of many despised, some neutral, and a few prized species, should be transformed into the future management types which will be charac- terized by a simpler but superior composition. '~ THE ESTABLISHMENT OP THE FOREST. As rapidly as the mature forests on absolute forest soil are re- moved they sould be succeeded by young forests. j;f These new forests which follow in the wake of those removed may be established by one or by a combination of the following methods:—(1) Natural, where nature, aided to a limited extent by man, sows seeds and produces \ sprouts. (2) Artificial, where man sows the seeds or plants the seedlings. The former is usually spoken of as natural regeneration / and the latter as artificial regeneration. In both methods nature \ does most of the work; but man helps nature more in the artificial method than in the natural method."^Nature working through many centuries produced the original forest. We cannot wait for nature to produce another original forest on our forest soils. It will take too long. We may assist nature and attempt even to improve upon its way of doing things; but we must be careful that we do not de- viate too far from its methods for fear of being punished. In the case of artificial regeneration it is necessary to collect seeds from desirable trees. These collected seeds may be sown imme- diately or stored. If stored, they must be protected from such ani- mals as mice, squirrels, and birds, and from drought. The seeds may be placed between layers of sand to prevent drying out. Those seeds which are sown immediately may be sown directly upon the area where they are expected to germinate and establish themselves or they may be sown in beds in a nursery where they in time develop into seedlings. Direct sowing may be in the form of broadcasting, where the seeds are scattered rather uniformly over the area or spot planting, and where only isolated or scattered spots, often regularly spaced, are sown with seeds. ^^ The nurseries in which the seeds are sown may be permanent and located in the open, or temporary and located in the forest under the

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