File:Bulletin (Pennsylvania Department of Forestry), no. 11 (1901) (20315481429).jpg

Title: Bulletin (Pennsylvania Department of Forestry), no. 11
Identifier: bulletinpennsylv11pennx (find matches)
Year: 1901 (1900s)
Authors: Pennsylvania. Dept. of Forestry
Subjects: Forests and forestry
Publisher: Harrisburg, Pa. : The Department : WM. Stanley Ray, state printer of Pennsylvania
Contributing Library: Penn State University
Digitizing Sponsor: Lyrasis Members and Sloan Foundation

View Book Page: Book Viewer
About This Book: Catalog Entry
View All Images: All Images From Book
Click here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book.

Text Appearing Before Image:
'
Text Appearing After Image:
PLATE X. TYPES OF FRUIT M. 4. Ti. (i. 7. 8. !>. 10. 11. 12. Osan*' Oralis*' 'a coiiiiu'iiikI dniiM). x >.. HacklK-rry (a (Irupc), x A Ann'iiciiii Elm (oiH'-s«'<'â . Wliito Ash (samaras), x A. Buttouwood la head), x i. <il" iiiiiiiy carpels), x J. 68 nate for several months or several years while the seed of a few members of the Pulse family are reported to retain their vitality for more than 125 years. The mature fruit and seeds of our conunon trees show a wide variation in their form and structure. Fruits are usually classified on the basis of their texture, as fleshy fruits and dry fruits. Fleshy fruits are represented by the fruits of such species as Cherries, Papaw, Osage Orange, etc. (Plate X, 1, 2, 5, 7, 10). Dry fruits are those which do not have any flesh or pulp and are represented by the fruits of such species as the Maples, Ashes, and Oaks (Plate IX, 1-16, and Plate X, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12). Fleshy fruits including the stone fruits, are indehiscent. Indehiscent fruits (Plate X, 1, 2, 5, 7, 10) are those which do not split apart regularly along certain lines for the liberation of the seeds, while dehiscent fruits do split open. Dry fruits may be indehiscent or dehiscent. The following general types of fruits are commonly recognized: the pome (Plate XCII), the drupe (Plate X, 2, 7), the nut (Plate IX, 7, 8, 9, 14, 15), the samara (Plate X, 3, 6, 11), the follicle (Plates LXXVI-LXXVIII), the capsule (Plate IX, 3, 5, and Plate X, 9), the legume (Plate XCIV-XCVII), the cone (Plate IX, 1) and the collective or aggregate fruits, (Plate IX, 17). The trees belonging to a single genus usually produce a common type of fruit, but genera belonging to the same family often have entirely different kinds of fruits. This difference of fruit of genera in the same family is shown very clearly in the Nettle family, to which belong the Elms, Hackberry, Osage Orange, and Mulberry, whose fruits are shown on Plate X, 3, 2,1, and Plate IX, 17. A wide variation may also occur within the general types men- tioned above. The nut is one of the commonest types of fruit found in the forest and will possibly show this wide variation best. Nuts may be small and light, as in the Buttouwood and Birches, or large and heavy as in the Oaks and Chestnut. Light nuts often have appendages attached to them in the form of a membranous wing or a tuft of hairs. The nuts may be produced singly or in strobiles as in the Birches and Alder. They may also be covered or naked. If covered, the covering may be indehiscent and semi-fleshy (Plate IX, 7), or dehiscent and dry (Plate IX, 8). It may also consist of a stalked prickly dehiscent bur (Plate IX, 13), a large spiny dehiscent bur (Plate IX, 14), a bladder-like bag (Plate IX, 10) or a leafy involucre, as in the Common Hazlenuts (Plate LI). In some trees the seeds are not covered entirely but simply sub- tended by a leafy bract (Plate IX, 9). In the Birches and Alder the small winged nuts are produced on 3-lobed bracts which are so ar- ranged that they form a cone-like fruiting body known as a strobile. It is rather hard to classify the fruits of some trees in terms of the

Note About Images