File:Bonaparte and the consulate (1908) (14592281290).jpg

Identifier: bonaparteconsula00thib (find matches)
Title: Bonaparte and the consulate
Year: 1908 (1900s)
Authors: Thibaudeau, Antoine-Claire, comte, 1765-1854 Fortescue, George Knottesford, 1847-1912 Thibaudeau, Antoine-Claire, comte, 1765-1854
Subjects: Napoleon I, Emperor of the French, 1769-1821 France -- History Consulate and First Empire, 1799-1815
Publisher: London : Methuen
Contributing Library: University of California Libraries
Digitizing Sponsor: MSN

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jurisdiction in all but name. Onthe 4th January 1791 the bishops and clergy were summoned to takean oath (known as the Serment civique) of adherence to thisConstitution. The vast majority, including nearly all those of reputation or highcharacter, refused, on the ground that the Constitution was schismaticaland would cut the Church of France off from communion with thewhole body of the Roman Faith. Four bishops only, includingTalleyrand, and a small remnant of the clergy consented, while128 bishops and the great majority of the dignitaries andparish priests refused. These were henceforth known as unsworn (insermentés) or refractory priests, while those who took the oathformed a body known as the Constitutional Church. With theadvance of the Revolution came the September massacres, in whichabout 300 priests perished, and a series of laws of the mostdrastic description against the unsworn clergy. According to theselaws, passed in 1792, 1793, ^^^ i794> every unsworn priest was liable
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THE CONCORDAT 151 to transportation, or if he had emigrated or escaped and was foundin France, to execution without any form of trial beyond identification.During these years large numbers of priests had fled to England, Rome,Switzerland, or Germany, but a considerable^number remained in France,clandestinely exercising their religious functions. Of the number ofthese latter no exact statistics are obtainable, but it is known thateleven bishops, who had lived in concealment in France during theTerror, still survived at the close of the year 1795. After the Terror, and notably during the first two years of theDirectory, large numbers returned to France, until in July 1797 itwas estimated that religious services were held by either unsworn or Constitutional priests in over 31,000 communes, and that in Parisitself forty-one churches were crowded with worshippers. The fatal Coup dÃtat of the 18 Fructidor (4th September 1797) putan end to this state of things. The Law passed by the CorpsLÃ

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