File:Blue topaz 4.jpg
![File:Blue topaz 4.jpg](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Blue_topaz_4.jpg/800px-Blue_topaz_4.jpg?20230523211230)
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Summary
[edit]DescriptionBlue topaz 4.jpg |
English: (~8 millimetes across; 2.71 carats; probably irradiated)
A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties. At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical. Currently, there are over 5900 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common. Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry. Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates. The silicates are the most abundant and chemically complex group of minerals. All silicates have silica as the basis for their chemistry. "Silica" refers to SiO2 chemistry. The fundamental molecular unit of silica is one small silicon atom surrounded by four large oxygen atoms in the shape of a triangular pyramid - this is the silica tetrahedron - SiO4. Each oxygen atom is shared by two silicon atoms, so only half of the four oxygens "belong" to each silicon. The resulting formula for silica is thus SiO2, not SiO4. The simplest and most abundant silicate mineral in the Earth's crust is quartz (SiO2). All other silicates have silica + impurities. Many silicates have a significant percentage of aluminum (the aluminosilicates). Topaz is superficially similar to quartz. Topaz is an aluminum hydroxy-fluorosilicate (Al2SiO4(F,OH)2). It is very hard (H≡8), has a nonmetallic, glassy luster, and often occurs in ~columnar crystals having striations parallel to the long axis. Topaz varies in color from clearish to yellowish to greenish to bluish to pinkish, etc. Unlike quartz, topaz has one good cleavage. Topaz is an igneous mineral; it is found in many pegmatites. Locality: undisclosed Photo gallery of topaz: www.mindat.org/gallery.php?min=3996 |
Date | |
Source | https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/52913442301/ |
Author | James St. John |
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This image was originally posted to Flickr by James St. John at https://flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/52913442301. It was reviewed on 23 May 2023 by FlickreviewR 2 and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-2.0. |
23 May 2023
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Date/Time | Thumbnail | Dimensions | User | Comment | |
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current | 21:12, 23 May 2023 | ![]() | 1,840 × 1,030 (883 KB) | Ser Amantio di Nicolao (talk | contribs) | Uploaded a work by James St. John from https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/52913442301/ with UploadWizard |
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Metadata
This file contains additional information such as Exif metadata which may have been added by the digital camera, scanner, or software program used to create or digitize it. If the file has been modified from its original state, some details such as the timestamp may not fully reflect those of the original file. The timestamp is only as accurate as the clock in the camera, and it may be completely wrong.
Camera manufacturer | Canon |
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Camera model | Canon PowerShot D10 |
Exposure time | 1/160 sec (0.00625) |
F-number | f/9 |
ISO speed rating | 80 |
Date and time of data generation | 20:55, 18 May 2023 |
Lens focal length | 8.295 mm |
Width | 4,000 px |
Height | 3,000 px |
Bits per component |
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Pixel composition | RGB |
Orientation | Normal |
Number of components | 3 |
Horizontal resolution | 180 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 180 dpi |
Software used | Adobe Photoshop Elements 18.0 (Macintosh) |
File change date and time | 15:07, 20 May 2023 |
Y and C positioning | Co-sited |
Exif version | 2.21 |
Date and time of digitizing | 20:55, 18 May 2023 |
Meaning of each component |
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Image compression mode | 3 |
APEX shutter speed | 7.3125 |
APEX aperture | 6.34375 |
APEX exposure bias | −1 |
Maximum land aperture | 3.34375 APEX (f/3.19) |
Metering mode | Pattern |
Flash | Flash did not fire, compulsory flash suppression |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Color space | sRGB |
Focal plane X resolution | 16,460.905349794 |
Focal plane Y resolution | 16,483.516483516 |
Focal plane resolution unit | inches |
Sensing method | One-chip color area sensor |
File source | Digital still camera |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
Exposure mode | Manual exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 1 |
Scene capture type | Standard |
Lens used | 6.2-18.6 mm |
Date metadata was last modified | 11:07, 20 May 2023 |
Unique ID of original document | B6A0A9A3E7AA9F75C8ABF0836D6BBEF7 |
IIM version | 24,576 |