File:Bison bison (American plains buffalo) (Wind Cave National Park, Black Hills, South Dakota, USA) 5.jpg
![File:Bison bison (American plains buffalo) (Wind Cave National Park, Black Hills, South Dakota, USA) 5.jpg](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bison_bison_%28American_plains_buffalo%29_%28Wind_Cave_National_Park%2C_Black_Hills%2C_South_Dakota%2C_USA%29_5.jpg/691px-Bison_bison_%28American_plains_buffalo%29_%28Wind_Cave_National_Park%2C_Black_Hills%2C_South_Dakota%2C_USA%29_5.jpg?20230516053131)
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[edit]DescriptionBison bison (American plains buffalo) (Wind Cave National Park, Black Hills, South Dakota, USA) 5.jpg |
English: Bison bison (Linnaeus, 1758) - American plains buffalo in South Dakota, USA (August 2010).
Mammals are the dominant group of terrestrial vertebrates on Earth today. The group is defined based on a combination of features: endothermic (= warm-blooded), air-breathing, body hair, mother's milk, four-chambered heart, large brain-to-body mass ratio, two teeth generations, differentiated dentition, and a single lower jawbone. Almost all modern mammals have live birth - exceptions are the duck-billed platypus and the echidna, both of which lay eggs. Mammals first appear in the Triassic fossil record - they evolved from the therapsids (mammal-like reptiles). Mammals were mostly small and a minor component of terrestrial ecosystems during the Mesozoic. After the Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction at 65 million years ago, the mammals underwent a significant adaptive radiation - most modern mammal groups first appeared during this radiation in the early Cenozoic (Paleocene and Eocene). Three groups of mammals exist in the Holocene - placentals, marsupials, and monotremes. Other groups, now extinct, were present during the Mesozoic. The American buffalo was formerly hyperabundant in western America. It was driven nearly to extinction by tribal American Indians and colonial Americans. The sizable population resulted from the species expanding into empty niche space after the end-Pleistocene mass extinction of large North American megafauna (e.g., mammoths, mastodons, etc.). The mass extinction was due to a combination of climate warming (= end of the Wisconsinan Ice Age) and overhunting by American Paleoindians. Classification: Animalia, Chordata, Vertebrata, Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Bovidae Locality: Wind Cave National Park, southern Black Hills, southwestern South Dakota, USA See info. at: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_bison and en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plains_bison and en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison |
Date | |
Source | https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/52895119109/ |
Author | James St. John |
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This image was originally posted to Flickr by James St. John at https://flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/52895119109. It was reviewed on 16 May 2023 by FlickreviewR 2 and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-2.0. |
16 May 2023
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current | 05:31, 16 May 2023 | ![]() | 3,153 × 2,736 (5.83 MB) | Ser Amantio di Nicolao (talk | contribs) | Uploaded a work by James St. John from https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/52895119109/ with UploadWizard |
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Camera manufacturer | EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY |
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Camera model | KODAK EASYSHARE Z1012 IS Digital Camera |
Exposure time | 1/500 sec (0.002) |
F-number | f/3.6 |
ISO speed rating | 80 |
Date and time of data generation | 19:50, 17 August 2010 |
Lens focal length | 35.7 mm |
Width | 3,648 px |
Height | 2,736 px |
Bits per component |
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Pixel composition | RGB |
Orientation | Normal |
Number of components | 3 |
Horizontal resolution | 480 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 480 dpi |
Software used | Adobe Photoshop Elements 20.0 (Macintosh) |
File change date and time | 13:54, 13 May 2023 |
Y and C positioning | Centered |
Exposure Program | Normal program |
Exif version | 2.21 |
Date and time of digitizing | 19:50, 17 August 2010 |
Meaning of each component |
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APEX shutter speed | 9 |
APEX aperture | 3.7 |
APEX brightness | 1 |
APEX exposure bias | 0 |
Maximum land aperture | 3.7 APEX (f/3.61) |
Metering mode | Pattern |
Light source | Unknown |
Flash | Flash did not fire, auto mode |
DateTimeOriginal subseconds | 81 |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Color space | sRGB |
Exposure index | 80 |
Sensing method | One-chip color area sensor |
File source | Digital still camera |
Scene type | A directly photographed image |
Custom image processing | Custom process |
Exposure mode | Auto exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 0 |
Focal length in 35 mm film | 234 mm |
Scene capture type | Standard |
Scene control | Low gain up |
Contrast | Normal |
Saturation | Normal |
Sharpness | Normal |
Subject distance range | Unknown |
Date metadata was last modified | 09:54, 13 May 2023 |
Unique ID of original document | EFDA58930D7AB3B46EF938BF02297E0D |