File:Bison bison (American buffalo) 3 (32240880386).jpg
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Summary
[edit]DescriptionBison bison (American buffalo) 3 (32240880386).jpg |
Bison bison (Linnaeus, 1758) - American buffalo skull. (public display, Sternberg Museum of Natural History, Hays, Kansas, USA) Mammals are the dominant group of terrestrial vertebrates on Earth today. The group is defined based on a combination of features: endothermic (= warm-blooded), air-breathing, body hair, mother's milk, four-chambered heart, large brain-to-body mass ratio, two teeth generations, differentiated dentition, and a single lower jawbone. Almost all modern mammals have live birth - exceptions are the duck-billed platypus and the echidna, both of which lay eggs. Mammals first appear in the Triassic fossil record - they evolved from the therapsids (mammal-like reptiles). Mammals were mostly small and a minor component of terrestrial ecosystems during the Mesozoic. After the Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction at 65 million years ago, the mammals underwent a significant adaptive radiation - most modern mammal groups first appeared during this radiation in the early Cenozoic (Paleocene and Eocene). Three groups of mammals exist in the Holocene - placentals, marsupials, and monotremes. Other groups, now extinct, were present during the Mesozoic. The American buffalo was formerly hyperabundant in western America. It was driven nearly to extinction by tribal American Indians and colonial Americans. The large population resulted from the species expanding into a considerably-sizable, empty niche space after the end-Pleistocene mass extinction of large North American megafauna (e.g., mammoths, mastodons, etc.). The mass extinction occurred from a combination of climate warming (= end of the Wisconsinan Ice Age) and overhunting by American Paleoindians. Classification: Animalia, Chordata, Vertebrata, Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Bovidae See info. at: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_bison" rel="nofollow">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_bison</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plains_bison" rel="nofollow">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plains_bison</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_bison" rel="nofollow">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_bison</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison" rel="nofollow">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison</a> |
Date | |
Source | Bison bison (American buffalo) 3 |
Author | James St. John |
Licensing
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This image was originally posted to Flickr by James St. John at https://flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/32240880386 (archive). It was reviewed on 10 December 2019 by FlickreviewR 2 and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-2.0. |
10 December 2019
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Date/Time | Thumbnail | Dimensions | User | Comment | |
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current | 01:46, 10 December 2019 | 2,332 × 2,616 (1.22 MB) | Ser Amantio di Nicolao (talk | contribs) | Transferred from Flickr via #flickr2commons |
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Metadata
This file contains additional information such as Exif metadata which may have been added by the digital camera, scanner, or software program used to create or digitize it. If the file has been modified from its original state, some details such as the timestamp may not fully reflect those of the original file. The timestamp is only as accurate as the clock in the camera, and it may be completely wrong.
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Camera manufacturer | OLYMPUS IMAGING CORP. |
Camera model | TG-2 |
Exposure time | 1/25 sec (0.04) |
F-number | f/2.8 |
ISO speed rating | 800 |
Date and time of data generation | 16:21, 11 June 2014 |
Lens focal length | 7.34 mm |
Orientation | Normal |
Horizontal resolution | 314 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 314 dpi |
Software used | Adobe Photoshop CS2 Macintosh |
File change date and time | 03:23, 5 October 2014 |
Y and C positioning | Co-sited |
Exposure Program | Normal program |
Exif version | 2.3 |
Date and time of digitizing | 16:21, 11 June 2014 |
Meaning of each component |
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APEX exposure bias | 0.7 |
Maximum land aperture | 2 APEX (f/2) |
Metering mode | Pattern |
Light source | Unknown |
Flash | Flash did not fire, compulsory flash suppression |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Color space | sRGB |
File source | Digital still camera |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
Exposure mode | Manual exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 1 |
Focal length in 35 mm film | 40 mm |
Scene capture type | Standard |
Scene control | High gain up |
Contrast | Normal |
Saturation | Normal |
Sharpness | Normal |
Reference for direction of image | Magnetic direction |
Direction of image | 94 |
GPS tag version | 0.0.3.2 |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Image width | 2,332 px |
Image height | 2,616 px |
Date metadata was last modified | 23:23, 4 October 2014 |
IIM version | 2 |