File:Bison bison (American buffalo) (16 June 2023) (Upper Geyser Basin, Yellowstone, Wyoming, USA) 1.jpg
Original file (3,129 × 2,635 pixels, file size: 4.33 MB, MIME type: image/jpeg)
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Summary
[edit]DescriptionBison bison (American buffalo) (16 June 2023) (Upper Geyser Basin, Yellowstone, Wyoming, USA) 1.jpg |
English: Bison bison (Linnaeus, 1758) - American buffalo in Wyoming, USA (June 2023).
Mammals are the dominant group of terrestrial vertebrates on Earth today. The group is defined based on a combination of features: endothermic (= warm-blooded), air-breathing, body hair, mother's milk, four-chambered heart, large brain-to-body mass ratio, two teeth generations, differentiated dentition, and a single lower jawbone. Almost all modern mammals have live birth - exceptions are the duck-billed platypus and the echidna, both of which lay eggs. Mammals first appear in the Triassic fossil record - they evolved from the therapsids (mammal-like reptiles). Mammals were mostly small and a minor component of terrestrial ecosystems during the Mesozoic. After the Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction at 65 million years ago, the mammals underwent a significant adaptive radiation - most modern mammal groups first appeared during this radiation in the early Cenozoic (Paleocene and Eocene). Three groups of mammals exist in the Holocene - placentals, marsupials, and monotremes. Other groups, now extinct, were present during the Mesozoic. The American buffalo was formerly hyperabundant in western America. It was driven nearly to extinction by tribal American Indians and colonial Americans. The large population resulted from the species expanding into a sizable and empty niche space after the end-Pleistocene mass extinction of large North American megafauna (e.g., mammoths, mastodons, etc.). The mass extinction occurred from a combination of climate warming (= end of the Wisconsinan Ice Age) and overhunting by American Paleoindians. Wild buffalo are common in Yellowstone, Wyoming, but they represent the plains buffalo subspecies, which was introduced to Yellowstone, that has hybridized with the native woodlands subspecies (some dispute that account). Yellowstone buffalo are regularly "culled" / murdered by park personnel every spring, when the park is closed to the public, and by some Montana Indian tribes when buffalo leave the park during migrations. Classification: Animalia, Chordata, Vertebrata, Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Bovidae Locality: roadside, near Lower Hamilton Store, Upper Geyser Basin, Yellowstone, northwestern Wyoming, USA See info. at: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_bison and en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plains_bison and en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_bison and en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison |
Date | |
Source | https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/53058951280/ |
Author | James St. John |
Camera location | 44° 27′ 40.78″ N, 110° 50′ 05.31″ W | View this and other nearby images on: OpenStreetMap | 44.461328; -110.834808 |
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Licensing
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This image was originally posted to Flickr by James St. John at https://flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/53058951280. It was reviewed on 25 July 2023 by FlickreviewR 2 and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-2.0. |
25 July 2023
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Date/Time | Thumbnail | Dimensions | User | Comment | |
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current | 13:32, 25 July 2023 | 3,129 × 2,635 (4.33 MB) | Ser Amantio di Nicolao (talk | contribs) | Uploaded a work by James St. John from https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/53058951280/ with UploadWizard |
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Metadata
This file contains additional information such as Exif metadata which may have been added by the digital camera, scanner, or software program used to create or digitize it. If the file has been modified from its original state, some details such as the timestamp may not fully reflect those of the original file. The timestamp is only as accurate as the clock in the camera, and it may be completely wrong.
Camera manufacturer | Apple |
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Camera model | iPhone 14 |
Exposure time | 1/957 sec (0.0010449320794148) |
F-number | f/1.5 |
ISO speed rating | 50 |
Date and time of data generation | 17:48, 16 June 2023 |
Lens focal length | 5.7 mm |
Latitude | 44° 27′ 40.78″ N |
Longitude | 110° 50′ 5.31″ W |
Altitude | 2,261.603 meters above sea level |
Width | 4,032 px |
Height | 3,024 px |
Bits per component |
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Pixel composition | RGB |
Orientation | Normal |
Number of components | 3 |
Horizontal resolution | 72 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 72 dpi |
Software used | Adobe Photoshop Elements 20.0 (Macintosh) |
File change date and time | 02:52, 20 July 2023 |
Exposure Program | Normal program |
Exif version | 2.32 |
Date and time of digitizing | 17:48, 16 June 2023 |
APEX shutter speed | 9.9022813337028 |
APEX aperture | 1.1699250021067 |
APEX brightness | 7.9270309130122 |
APEX exposure bias | 0 |
Metering mode | Pattern |
Flash | Flash did not fire, compulsory flash suppression |
DateTimeOriginal subseconds | 600 |
DateTimeDigitized subseconds | 600 |
Color space | Uncalibrated |
Sensing method | One-chip color area sensor |
Scene type | A directly photographed image |
Exposure mode | Auto exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 5.0316139767055 |
Focal length in 35 mm film | 130 mm |
Speed unit | Kilometers per hour |
Speed of GPS receiver | 1.1399999856948 |
Reference for direction of image | True direction |
Direction of image | 76.890960680989 |
Reference for bearing of destination | True direction |
Bearing of destination | 76.890960680989 |
Lens used | iPhone 14 back dual wide camera 5.7mm f/1.5 |
Date metadata was last modified | 22:52, 19 July 2023 |
Unique ID of original document | 32E08658A8872171A9BB4E4AAA2B7418 |
IIM version | 2 |