File:Biosynthesis and breakdown of serotonin and the catecholamines, and the metabolic block in AADC deficiency.png
Biosynthesis_and_breakdown_of_serotonin_and_the_catecholamines,_and_the_metabolic_block_in_AADC_deficiency.png (778 × 583 pixels, file size: 86 KB, MIME type: image/png)
Captions
Summary
[edit]DescriptionBiosynthesis and breakdown of serotonin and the catecholamines, and the metabolic block in AADC deficiency.png |
English: Biosynthesis and breakdown of serotonin and the catecholamines, and the metabolic block in AADC deficiency. Simplified scheme of the biosynthesis and breakdown of serotonin and the catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine), and melatonin synthesis. Cofactors (BH4, PLP, Cu) and methyldonor (SAM) are connected to the respective enzyme with dashed lines. Dashed arrows do not show intermediate steps. The metabolic block caused by AADC deficiency is shown as a red bar. Metabolites above the block are increased, metabolites below the block are decreased, indicated by red arrows. The implication of 5-MTHF in L-dopa to 3-OMD metabolism is shown in a simplified manner. Norepinephrine and epinephrine are broken down to NMET and MET only in the periphery. In CSF, the main metabolite of norepinephrine and epinephrine is MHPG. Abbreviations: AADC: aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase; BH4: tetrahydrobiopterin; COMT: catechol O-methyl transferase; CSF: cerebrospinal fluid; Cu: cupper; DβH: dopamine beta hydroxylase; DOPAC: dihydroxyphenylacetic acid; HCys: homocysteine; 5-HIAA: 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid; 5-HTP: 5-hydroxytryptophan; HVA: homovanillic acid; L-Dopa: 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine; MAO: monoamine oxidase; MET: metanephrine; Met: metionine; MHPG: 3-methoxy 4-hydroxyphenylglycol; 3MT: 3-Metyramine; 5-MTHF: methyltetrahydrofolate; NMET: normetanephrine; 3-OMD: 3-O-methyldopa (=3-methoxytyrosine); Phe: phenylalanine; PhH: phenylalanine hydroxylase; PNMT: phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase; SAH: S-adenosylhomocysteine; SAM: s-adenosylmethionine; TH: tyrosine hydroxylase; TrH: tryptophan hydroxylase; Tryp: tryptophan; Tyr: tyrosine; VLA: vanillactic acid; VMA: vanillmandelic acid: Vit B6 vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) |
Date | |
Source | https://ojrd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13023-016-0522-z |
Author | Tessa Wassenberg, Marta Molero-Luis, Kathrin Jeltsch, Georg F. Hoffmann, Birgit Assmann, Nenad Blau, Angeles Garcia-Cazorla, Rafael Artuch, Roser Pons, Toni S. Pearson, Vincenco Leuzzi, Mario Mastrangelo, Phillip L. Pearl, Wang Tso Lee, Manju A. Kurian, Simon Heales, Lisa Flint, Marcel Verbeek, Michèl Willemsen & Thomas Opladen |
Licensing
[edit]- You are free:
- to share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work
- to remix – to adapt the work
- Under the following conditions:
- attribution – You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
File history
Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time.
Date/Time | Thumbnail | Dimensions | User | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
current | 05:51, 23 January 2020 | 778 × 583 (86 KB) | CopperKettle (talk | contribs) | User created page with UploadWizard |
You cannot overwrite this file.
File usage on Commons
The following 17 pages use this file:
File usage on other wikis
The following other wikis use this file:
- Usage on en.wikipedia.org
- Usage on ru.wikipedia.org
Metadata
This file contains additional information such as Exif metadata which may have been added by the digital camera, scanner, or software program used to create or digitize it. If the file has been modified from its original state, some details such as the timestamp may not fully reflect those of the original file. The timestamp is only as accurate as the clock in the camera, and it may be completely wrong.
Horizontal resolution | 28.34 dpc |
---|---|
Vertical resolution | 28.34 dpc |