File:Bhima Kichak Temple gavaksha examples, Malhar Chhattisgarh India - 36.jpg
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[edit]DescriptionBhima Kichak Temple gavaksha examples, Malhar Chhattisgarh India - 36.jpg |
English: The Maurya, Shunga, Satvahana (pre-300 CE), then Somavamshi (c. 300 to 900 CE) and later Kalachuri dynasty (10th to 14th-century) developed a kingdom where Hindu (Shaivism), Jain and Buddhist communities thrived. This has become what is the modern state of Chhattisgarh. First Mallar, later Sripura (now Sirpur) was their capital. It was on the trade route linking the northwestern Indian kingdoms and Koshambi with those in the southeast, particularly Puri and major ports along the modern Andhra Pradesh.
Each of these eras built exquisite temples and artistic items (pottery, statues, stambhas, gateways, coins) whose remains and ruins are seen from northern Chhattisgarh through western Telangana. The Bhima Kichak temple belongs to the Somavamshis era (c. 6th to 10th century). Inscriptions on stones, copper plate dedications and epigraphic evidence (language, script type) suggest that Malhar was variously called Sarabhapur, Malari, Mallar over its history. These are documented in inscriptions described and translated in Epigraphia Indica XXXIV. The Bhima Kichak temple survives in a ruined form with internal artwork and statues missing. The sanctum confirms the outlines (bhiti and lower portion) of a Shiva linga. The surviving walls have exquisitely carved ganas and numerous gavakshas with images of the common man or woman. The door jambs have near life size images of Ganga and Yamuna goddesses, a feature common to pre-7th century temples. Other reliefs show legends of Shiva and other Hindu epic legends. It is one of two surviving temple ruins in Malhar, Masturi, Bilaspur district. A museum in the village contains hundreds of ruined Hindu, Jaina and Buddhist artwork parts from these two and other temples. Sometime in and after the 14th-century, most of these were damaged and ruined in regional wars between Islamic Sultanates and Hindu kingdoms. Intentional damage is evidenced particularly by sharply broken nose, ears, eyes, face, limbs and sexual organs. The natural weathering process has also contributed to the more uniform erosion of exposed portions of walls, statues and the broken ruins. The temple is protected and managed by ASI Raipur circle. |
Date | |
Source | Own work |
Author | Ms Sarah Welch |
Camera location | 21° 53′ 34.07″ N, 82° 16′ 39.81″ E | View this and other nearby images on: OpenStreetMap | 21.892797; 82.277725 |
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current | 20:53, 11 January 2021 | 4,032 × 3,024 (4.86 MB) | Ms Sarah Welch (talk | contribs) | Uploaded own work with UploadWizard |
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Camera manufacturer | Apple |
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Camera model | iPhone XS |
Exposure time | 1/371 sec (0.0026954177897574) |
F-number | f/1.8 |
ISO speed rating | 25 |
Date and time of data generation | 14:36, 13 September 2019 |
Lens focal length | 4.25 mm |
Latitude | 21° 53′ 34.07″ N |
Longitude | 82° 16′ 39.81″ E |
Altitude | 254.6 meters above sea level |
Orientation | Normal |
Horizontal resolution | 72 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 72 dpi |
Software used | 12.4.1 |
File change date and time | 14:36, 13 September 2019 |
Y and C positioning | Centered |
Exposure Program | Normal program |
Exif version | 2.21 |
Date and time of digitizing | 14:36, 13 September 2019 |
Meaning of each component |
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APEX shutter speed | 8.5344287572881 |
APEX aperture | 1.6959938128384 |
APEX brightness | 7.9903543307087 |
APEX exposure bias | 0 |
Metering mode | Pattern |
Flash | Flash did not fire, auto mode |
DateTime subseconds | 642 |
DateTimeOriginal subseconds | 642 |
DateTimeDigitized subseconds | 642 |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Color space | Uncalibrated |
Sensing method | One-chip color area sensor |
Scene type | A directly photographed image |
Exposure mode | Auto exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Focal length in 35 mm film | 26 mm |
Scene capture type | Standard |
Speed unit | Kilometers per hour |
Speed of GPS receiver | 0.068678468573895 |
Reference for direction of image | True direction |
Direction of image | 2.2025146484375 |