File:Basaltic spatter (Bonito Lava Flow, upper Holocene; near Sunset Crater, San Francisco Volcanic Field, Arizona, USA) (49130381812).jpg
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[edit]DescriptionBasaltic spatter (Bonito Lava Flow, upper Holocene; near Sunset Crater, San Francisco Volcanic Field, Arizona, USA) (49130381812).jpg |
Basaltic spatter in the Holocene of Arizona, USA. This is an accumulation of alkaline olivine basalt spatter erupted from a spatter cone near Sunset Crater, which is itself a cinder cone in Arizona's San Francisco Volcanic Field. Cinder cones are relatively small, steep-sided cones of loose igneous debris. They have few eruptions and a relatively large summit crater. Cinder cones are principally composed of scoria and vesicular basalt. More than 600 eruptive centers - mostly cinder cones - are present in the volcanic field, and date from the Late Miocene to the late Holocene. The largest volcano in the area is San Francisco Mountain, an eroded stratovolcano. Cinder cones in the field have erupted a variety of igneous products, ranging from mafic to felsic to alkaline in composition - most are alkaline basalt. Sunset Crater had an eruption in the late 11th century A.D., variously dated to 1064 or in the 1080s. The eruption involved lava flows and relatively widespread deposition of airfall scoria. This was the most recent activity in the entire San Francisco Volcanic Field. The material seen in photo was erupted from a spatter cone atop the Bonito Lava Flow, which occurs to the west & northwest of Sunset Crater itself. The flow covers an area about 2 to 2.5 kilometers in diameter and ranges in thickness from ~1 to over 30 meters. Flow top morphology ranges from pahoehoe to aa, but is principally slabby pahoehoe to slabby aa. In places, lava was squeezed upward through fissures in the solidified flow top. At other sites, lava erupted from spatter cones. Also known as "hornitos", spatter cones are small to very small, steep-sided volcanic cones formed by the accumulation and solidification of blobs of lava that sputtered from a vent. They are usually basaltic in composition. Locality: Sunset Crater National Monument, San Francisco Volcanic Field, Coconino County, north-central Arizona, USA |
Date | |
Source | Basaltic spatter (Bonito Lava Flow, upper Holocene; near Sunset Crater, San Francisco Volcanic Field, Arizona, USA) |
Author | James St. John |
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This image was originally posted to Flickr by James St. John at https://flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/49130381812. It was reviewed on 27 November 2019 by FlickreviewR 2 and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-2.0. |
27 November 2019
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current | 06:53, 27 November 2019 | ![]() | 3,008 × 2,000 (5.1 MB) | Ser Amantio di Nicolao (talk | contribs) | Transferred from Flickr via #flickr2commons |
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Camera manufacturer | NIKON CORPORATION |
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ISO speed rating | 1,600 |
Date and time of data generation | 12:47, 5 September 2007 |
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Horizontal resolution | 300 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 300 dpi |
Software used | Adobe Photoshop Elements 16.0 (Macintosh) |
File change date and time | 20:04, 26 November 2019 |
Y and C positioning | Co-sited |
Exposure Program | Not defined |
Exif version | 2.21 |
Date and time of digitizing | 12:47, 5 September 2007 |
Meaning of each component |
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APEX shutter speed | 7.965784 |
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APEX exposure bias | 0 |
Maximum land aperture | 5 APEX (f/5.66) |
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Color space | sRGB |
Sensing method | One-chip color area sensor |
File source | Digital still camera |
Scene type | A directly photographed image |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
Exposure mode | Auto exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 1 |
Focal length in 35 mm film | 300 mm |
Scene capture type | Landscape |
Scene control | Low gain up |
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Serial number of camera | 1004a0cc |
Lens used | 18.0-200.0 mm f/3.5-5.6 |
Date metadata was last modified | 15:04, 26 November 2019 |
Unique ID of original document | 7C19E6D7CE2446F3BEB3BFB25DCD5024 |