File:Animal locomotion, or Walking, swimming, and flying, with a dissertation on aëronautics (1874) (18194361862).jpg

English:
FIG. 123.–Artificial Wing with Perpendicular (r s) and Horizontal (t u) Elastic Bands attached to ferrule (w).
a, b, Strong elastic reed, which tapers towards the tip of the wing.
d, e, f, h, i, j, k, Tapering curved reeds, which run obliquely from the anterior to the posterior margin of the wing, and which radiate towards the tip.
m, Similar curved reeds, which run still more obliquely. a, n, o, p, q, Tapering curved reeds, which run from the anterior margin of the wing, and at right angles to it. These support the two sets of oblique reeds, and give additional strength to the anterior margin. x, Ball-and-socket joint, by which the root of the wing is attached to the cylinder, as in fig. 122, p. 239.–Original.
FIG. 124.–Flexible elastic wing with tapering elastic reed (a b) running along anterior margin.
c, d, Posterior margin of wing. i, Portion of wing composed of one layer of flexible material. h, Portion of wing composed of two layers. g, Portion of wing composed of three layers. f, Portion of wing composed of four layers. e, Portion of wing composed of five layers. x, Ball-and-socket joint at root of wing.–Original.
FIG. 125.–Flexible valvular wing with india-rubber springs attached to its root.
a, b, Anterior margin of wing, tapering and elastic. c, d, Posterior margin of wing, elastic. f, f, f, Segments which open during the up stroke and close during the down, after the manner of valves. These are very narrow, and open and close instantly. x, Universal joint. m, Superior elastic band. n, Ditto inferior. o, Ditto anterior. p, q, Ditto oblique. r, Ring into which the elastic bands are fixed.–Original.

Title: Animal locomotion, or Walking, swimming, and flying, with a dissertation on aëronautics
Identifier: animallocomotio00pett (find matches)
Year: 1874 (1870s)
Authors: Pettigrew, James Bell, 1834-1908
Subjects: Animal locomotion; Aeronautics
Publisher: New York, D. Appleton & company
Contributing Library: Smithsonian Libraries
Digitizing Sponsor: Biodiversity Heritage Library

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Text Appearing Before Image:
AERONAUTICS. 241 paper. As the layers overlap each other, it follows that there are five layers at the anterior margin (a h), and only one at the posterior (c d). This form of wing is not twisted upon itself structurally, but it twists and untwists, and becomes a true screw during its action.
Text Appearing After Image:
FIG. 123.–Artificial Wing with Perpendicular (r s) and Horizontal (t u) Elastic Bands attached to ferrule (w).
a, b, Strong elastic reed, which tapers towards the tip of the wing.
d, e, f, h, i, j, k, Tapering curved reeds, which run obliquely from the anterior to the posterior margin of the wing, and which radiate towards the tip.
m, Similar curved reeds, which run still more obliquely. a, n, o, p, q, Tapering curved reeds, which run from the anterior margin of the wing, and at right angles to it. These support the two sets of oblique reeds, and give additional strength to the anterior margin. x, Ball-and-socket joint, by which the root of the wing is attached to the cylinder, as in fig. 122, p. 239.–Original.
FIG. 124.–Flexible elastic wing with tapering elastic reed (a b) running along anterior margin.
c, d, Posterior margin of wing. i, Portion of wing composed of one layer of flexible material. h, Portion of wing composed of two layers. g, Portion of wing composed of three layers. f, Portion of wing composed of four layers. e, Portion of wing composed of five layers. x, Ball-and-socket joint at root of wing.–Original.
FIG. 125.–Flexible valvular wing with india-rubber springs attached to its root.
a, b, Anterior margin of wing, tapering and elastic. c, d, Posterior margin of wing, elastic. f, f, f, Segments which open during the up stroke and close during the down, after the manner of valves. These are very narrow, and open and close instantly. x, Universal joint. m, Superior elastic band. n, Ditto inferior. o, Ditto anterior. p, q, Ditto oblique. r, Ring into which the elastic bands are fixed.–Original.
How to construct a Wave Wing which shall evade the super-imposed Air during the Up Stroke.—To construct a wing which

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