File:Animal locomotion, or Walking, swimming, and flying, with a dissertation on aëronautics (1874) (18010049680).jpg

Title: Animal locomotion, or Walking, swimming, and flying, with a dissertation on aëronautics
Identifier: animallocomotio00pett (find matches)
Year: 1874 (1870s)
Authors: Pettigrew, James Bell, 1834-1908
Subjects: Animal locomotion; Aeronautics
Publisher: New York, D. Appleton & company
Contributing Library: Smithsonian Libraries
Digitizing Sponsor: Biodiversity Heritage Library

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Text Appearing Before Image:
30 ANIMAL LOCOMOTION. with in all; and this appears to me an all-sufficient reason for attaching great importance to the movements of soft parts, such as protoplasm, jelly masses, involuntary and volun- tary muscles, etc.^ As the muscles of vertebrates are accu- rately applied to each other, and to the bones, while the bones are rigid, unyielding, and incapable of motion, it follows that the osseous system acts as a break or boundary to the muscular one,—and hence the arbitrary division of muscles into exten- sors and flexors, pronators and supinators, abductors and ad- ductors. This division although convenient is calculated to mislead. The most highly organized animal is strictly speaking to be regarded as a living mass whose parts (hard, soft, and
Text Appearing After Image:
Fig 9.—The Superficial Muscles in the Horse, (after Bagg). otherwise) are accurately adapted to each other, every part reciprocating with scrupulous exactitude, and rendering it difficult to determine where motion begins and where it ter- minates. Fig. 9 shows the more superficial of the muscular masses which move the bones or osseous levers of the horse, as seen in the walk, trot, gallop, etc. A careful examination of these carneous masses or muscles will show that they run ^ Lectures " On the Physiology of the Circulation in Plants, in the Lower Animals, and in Man," by the Author.—Edinburgh Medical Journal for Sep- tember 1872.

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