File:Anastomoses-defined pendants (Endless Caverns, Virginia, USA) 7 (30998442020).jpg
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Summary
[edit]DescriptionAnastomoses-defined pendants (Endless Caverns, Virginia, USA) 7 (30998442020).jpg |
This photo depicts deeply-incised anastomoses in the ceiling of a cave passage in Endless Caverns, Virginia. Anastomoses are networks of channels formed by dissolution of calcium carbonate at partings and bedding planes in limestones. Dissolution occurred as slightly acidic groundwater seeped or moved horizontally through the bedrock in the phreatic zone (at or below the water table). All groundwater is at least slightly acidic - the acid is usually carbonic acid (H2CO3) and some organic acids are also usually present. Carbonic acid forms by a simple chemical reaction: water + carbon dioxide = carbonic acid (H2O + CO2 --> H2CO3). This happens as raindrops fall through the atmosphere and also occurs as water percolates downward through soil and bedrock. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide gas is higher in soil gas, so even more carbonic acid forms in that environment. In landscapes with limestone bedrock, the slightly acidic groundwater dissolves the calcium carbonate (calcite) in the rock. This dissolutional action can result in caves and cave systems. Once anastomoses are formed, beds below the parting plane or bedding plane are removed by gravitational collapse into a large underlying passage, or by complete dissolution. The result is a cave ceiling with a network of channels. The examples shown here are relatively deep and have resulted in the development of numerous, closely-spaced pendants. In caves, pendants are projections of rock formed by dissolution. The publicly accessible portions of Endless Caverns are developed in structurally tilted carbonates of the New Market Limestone (Middle Ordovician). Other portions of Endless Caverns are in overlying units: the Lincolnshire Limestone and the Edinburgh Formation. Locality: Endless Caverns, south of the town of New Market, eastern Rockingham County, northern Virginia, USA |
Date | |
Source | Anastomoses-defined pendants (Endless Caverns, Virginia, USA) 7 |
Author | James St. John |
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This image was originally posted to Flickr by James St. John at https://flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/30998442020 (archive). It was reviewed on 12 October 2019 by FlickreviewR 2 and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-2.0. |
12 October 2019
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current | 13:34, 12 October 2019 | ![]() | 4,000 × 3,000 (3.86 MB) | Ser Amantio di Nicolao (talk | contribs) | Transferred from Flickr via #flickr2commons |
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Camera manufacturer | Canon |
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Camera model | Canon PowerShot D10 |
Exposure time | 1/60 sec (0.016666666666667) |
F-number | f/2.8 |
ISO speed rating | 80 |
Date and time of data generation | 12:25, 13 May 2016 |
Lens focal length | 6.2 mm |
Image title | |
Width | 4,000 px |
Height | 3,000 px |
Bits per component |
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Pixel composition | RGB |
Orientation | Normal |
Number of components | 3 |
Horizontal resolution | 180 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 180 dpi |
Software used | Adobe Photoshop Elements 13.0 (Macintosh) |
File change date and time | 00:54, 2 December 2016 |
Y and C positioning | Co-sited |
Exif version | 2.21 |
Date and time of digitizing | 12:25, 13 May 2016 |
Meaning of each component |
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Image compression mode | 3 |
APEX shutter speed | 5.90625 |
APEX aperture | 2.96875 |
APEX exposure bias | −0.33333333333333 |
Maximum land aperture | 2.96875 APEX (f/2.8) |
Metering mode | Pattern |
Flash | Flash fired, compulsory flash firing, red-eye reduction mode |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Color space | sRGB |
Focal plane X resolution | 16,460.905349794 |
Focal plane Y resolution | 16,483.516483516 |
Focal plane resolution unit | inches |
Sensing method | One-chip color area sensor |
File source | Digital still camera |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
Exposure mode | Manual exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 1 |
Scene capture type | Portrait |
Lens used | 6.2-18.6 mm |
Date metadata was last modified | 17:54, 1 December 2016 |
Unique ID of original document | 8A1FC3F485D4742DD88A060C27E632DF |