File:Abandoned shovel at old clay mine (Parfet Prehistoric Preserve, Golden, Colorado, USA) 1.jpg
![File:Abandoned shovel at old clay mine (Parfet Prehistoric Preserve, Golden, Colorado, USA) 1.jpg](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Abandoned_shovel_at_old_clay_mine_%28Parfet_Prehistoric_Preserve%2C_Golden%2C_Colorado%2C_USA%29_1.jpg/800px-Abandoned_shovel_at_old_clay_mine_%28Parfet_Prehistoric_Preserve%2C_Golden%2C_Colorado%2C_USA%29_1.jpg?20221223142053)
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Summary
[edit]DescriptionAbandoned shovel at old clay mine (Parfet Prehistoric Preserve, Golden, Colorado, USA) 1.jpg |
English: This abandoned shovel is at the site of an old clay mine, later turned into a landfill for fly ash from burned coal, and then converted to a golf course and fossil preserve.
From on-site signage (two versions): Clay Mining Since 1877, five generations of the Parfet Family have mined clay from this area. Previously operated as the Parfet Clay Pit, the ceramic and brick industry used clay from this area primarily for bricks and sewer pipe. The Governor’s mansion, East and South High Schools in Denver, and the Jefferson County Hall of Justice in Golden were built from the distinctive tan bricks. The clay, deposited in lakes and swamps 68 million years ago during the Late Cretaceous, is part of the Laramie Formation. Uplift of the modern day Rocky Mountains some 67-55 million years ago tilted the rock strata to their near vertical position. The clay layers were excavataed as trenches, leaving the vertical fins of sandstone visible today. Trace fossils such as dinosaur tracks and leaf impressions are visible on many of the remaining sandstone walls. The pits on either side of the trail contain fossil footprints that have yet to be detailed. Logs, wedged horizontally between the sandstone walls, served as a warning device to miners. If the walls started to give way, the miners would hear the logs creak or “sing” and move to safety. Clay Mining Clay from the Fossil Trace Golf Course, previously operated as the Parfet Clay Pits, has been mined for the ceramic and brick industries since 1877 by five generations of the Parfet family. The predominant uses of this clay were for brick and sewer pipe. The tan brick was used to build the Governor’s mansion, East and South High Schools in Denver and the Jefferson County Hall of Justice in Golden. The clay was deposited in small ponds and depressions about 70 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period and became part of the Laramie Formation. The rock strata were tilted vertical by the uplift of the modern day Rocky Mountains to the west approximately 60-65 million years ago. Clay layers were excavated as trenches, leaving vertical fins of sandstone, which contain trace fossils. The sandstone was originally sand which was deposited when adjacent streams overflowed their banks during flood events. Locality: Parfet Prehistoric Preserve / Fossil Trace Golf Course, southern side of the town of Golden, Colorado, USA |
Date | |
Source | https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/52581011294/ |
Author | James St. John |
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This image was originally posted to Flickr by James St. John at https://flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/52581011294. It was reviewed on 23 December 2022 by FlickreviewR 2 and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-2.0. |
23 December 2022
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current | 14:20, 23 December 2022 | ![]() | 3,008 × 2,000 (3.86 MB) | Ser Amantio di Nicolao (talk | contribs) | Uploaded a work by James St. John from https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/52581011294/ with UploadWizard |
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Camera manufacturer | NIKON CORPORATION |
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Exposure time | 1/500 sec (0.002) |
F-number | f/8 |
ISO speed rating | 500 |
Date and time of data generation | 15:55, 25 July 2007 |
Lens focal length | 70 mm |
Width | 3,008 px |
Height | 2,000 px |
Bits per component |
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Pixel composition | RGB |
Orientation | Normal |
Number of components | 3 |
Horizontal resolution | 300 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 300 dpi |
Software used | Adobe Photoshop Elements 20.0 (Macintosh) |
File change date and time | 02:40, 13 December 2022 |
Y and C positioning | Co-sited |
Exposure Program | Not defined |
Exif version | 2.21 |
Date and time of digitizing | 15:55, 25 July 2007 |
Meaning of each component |
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Image compression mode | 4 |
APEX shutter speed | 8.965784 |
APEX aperture | 6 |
APEX exposure bias | 0 |
Maximum land aperture | 4.6 APEX (f/4.92) |
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Light source | Unknown |
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Sensing method | One-chip color area sensor |
File source | Digital still camera |
Scene type | A directly photographed image |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
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White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 1 |
Focal length in 35 mm film | 105 mm |
Scene capture type | Standard |
Scene control | None |
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Saturation | Normal |
Sharpness | Normal |
Subject distance range | Unknown |
Serial number of camera | 1004a0cc |
Lens used | 18.0-200.0 mm f/3.5-5.6 |
Date metadata was last modified | 21:40, 12 December 2022 |
Unique ID of original document | 8AE0EB145556AAA418CC059FF1EE0901 |