File:A text-book of entomology, including the anatomy, physiology, embryology and metamorphoses of insects, for use in agricultural and technical schools and colleges as well as by the working entomologist (14594117308).jpg

Identifier: textbookofentomo00pack (find matches)
Title: A text-book of entomology, including the anatomy, physiology, embryology and metamorphoses of insects, for use in agricultural and technical schools and colleges as well as by the working entomologist
Year: 1898 (1890s)

Alpheus Spring Packard  (1839–1905)
	Alternative names	Packard; A. S. Packard; Alpheus Spring Packard, Jr.; Alpheus S. Packard; Packhard
	Description	American zoologist, university teacher, lepidopterist, botanist, geologist and paleontologist American entomologist, palaeontologist
	Date of birth/death	19 February 1839	14 February 1905
	Location of birth/death	Brunswick	Providence
	Authority file	: Q2839658 VIAF: 135145067416266631073 ISNI: 0000000081083880 LCCN: n79134030 NAID: 10580412 NLA: 35685364 WorldCat

Subjects: Insects
Publisher: New York, The Macmillan company London, Macmillan & co., ltd.
Contributing Library: MBLWHOI Library
Digitizing Sponsor: MBLWHOI Library

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Text Appearing Before Image:
xperiment of pulling the individual muscles in the linewith a pincers, which ones serve for the lifting and which for the lowering 158 TEXT-BOOK OF ENTOMOLOGY of the wings. In dragon-flies the muscles are arranged in two rows andin such a way that the flexors or depressors (s, 1 bis) cling directly tothe thoracic wall (compare also the muscle dk in Fig. 172 and se in Fig. 174),while the raiser or extensor (hi, to h2, Fig. 172, hi and Fig. 174 he) lie fartherin. The form of the wing-muscles is sometimes cylindrical, sometimes like aprism, or even ribbon-like. However, the contracted bundles of fibres do notcome directly upon the joint-process we have described, but pass over oftenindeed at a very considerable distance from them, into peculiar chitinous ten-dons. These have the form of a cap-like plate, often serrate on the edge, whichis prolonged into a thread, which should be considered as the direct continua-tion of the base of the wings. The wings, therefore, sink down into the tho-
Text Appearing After Image:
bg gi tihm FIG. 174.—Transverse section through thethorax of a locust (Stenobothrus) : &lt leg; A,heart: ga, ventral cord; se, depressor,—he,elevator, of the wing (.7?); b-r, lateral muscleswhich expand the thoracic walls; — 1m, longitu-dinal muscles which contract them; xtim. ///////,muscles to the legs; bg, apodeines.—AfterGraber. FIG. 1T5. — Inner view of a portion of theleft side of body of Libellula depressa, showinga part of the mechanism of flight, viz., some ofthe chitinous ridges at base of the upper wing,and some of the insertions of the tendons ofmuscles : A, line of section through the base ofthe upper wing, the wing being supposed to bedirected backwards. C, upper portion of mech-anism of the lower wing; b, lever extendingbetween the pieces connected with the twowings.—After von Lendenfeld, from Sharp. racic cavity as if they were a row of cords ending in handles where the strainof the muscles is applied. As may be seen in Fig. 173, the contractile section

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