File:20170808 Bolivia 1451 Potosí sRGB (24128334058).jpg
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Summary
[edit]Description20170808 Bolivia 1451 Potosí sRGB (24128334058).jpg |
We tour one of the mines on the side of Rich Hill (Cerro Rico). The mines are cooperatives run by the miners themselves. Potosí (elev. 4,090m/13,420ft) [for comparison: Lhasa, Tibet, at 3,658m/12,001ft] was founded in 1545 as a mining town at the foot of Rich Hill (Cerro Rico), the world’s largest silver deposit. An estimated 60% of all silver mined in the world during the second half of the 16th century came from Potosí which was reputed to be the world’s largest industrial complex at the time. Its population eventually exceeded 200,000 people, making it one of the largest cities in the world. Most of the mining and smelting (using mercury) was done by forced labor, both indigenous people and African slaves. As many as 8 million workers are estimated to have died between 1545 and 1825. Output began to decline in the early 19th century. By the 1890s, low silver prices prompted a shift to mining tin. Growing demand for tin this century by the electronics industry has helped the local economy. Silver extraction continues on a small scale. Miguel de Cervantes’ novel “Don Quixote” describes Potosí as a land of “extraordinary richness” (chapter 71 in the second volume which was published in 1615). The City of Potosí was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987. On Google Earth: Cerro Rico 19°37'8.81"S, 65°45'1.12"W |
Date | |
Source | 20170808_Bolivia_1451 Potosí sRGB |
Author | Dan Lundberg |
Camera location | 19° 36′ 11.17″ S, 65° 45′ 13.28″ W ![]() | View this and other nearby images on: OpenStreetMap | ![]() |
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This image was originally posted to Flickr by Dan Lundberg at https://flickr.com/photos/9508280@N07/24128334058 (archive). It was reviewed on 2 November 2017 by FlickreviewR 2 and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-sa-2.0. |
2 November 2017
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current | 15:59, 2 November 2017 | ![]() | 3,648 × 2,736 (2.49 MB) | Ser Amantio di Nicolao (talk | contribs) | Transferred from Flickr via Flickr2Commons |
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This file contains additional information such as Exif metadata which may have been added by the digital camera, scanner, or software program used to create or digitize it. If the file has been modified from its original state, some details such as the timestamp may not fully reflect those of the original file. The timestamp is only as accurate as the clock in the camera, and it may be completely wrong.
Camera manufacturer | Canon |
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Camera model | Canon PowerShot G11 |
Exposure time | 1/800 sec (0.00125) |
F-number | f/4.5 |
ISO speed rating | 80 |
Date and time of data generation | 12:10, 8 August 2017 |
Lens focal length | 6.1 mm |
Label | |
JPEG file comment | Optimized by JPEGmini 3.13.0.8 0x19b37c3f |
Horizontal resolution | 240 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 240 dpi |
Software used | Adobe Photoshop CC 2017 Windows |
File change date and time | 2017-09-29T15:43:45-04:00 |
Exif version | 2.2 |
Date and time of digitizing | 12:10, 8 August 2017 |
APEX shutter speed | 9.643856 |
APEX aperture | 4.33985 |
APEX exposure bias | 0 |
Maximum land aperture | 2.96875 APEX (f/2.8) |
Metering mode | Pattern |
Flash | Flash fired, compulsory flash firing, red-eye reduction mode |
Focal plane X resolution | 5,479.4520547945 |
Focal plane Y resolution | 5,479.4520547945 |
Focal plane resolution unit | inches |
Sensing method | One-chip color area sensor |
File source | Digital still camera |
Exposure mode | Auto exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 1 |
Scene capture type | Standard |
Lens used | 6.1-30.5 mm |
Rating (out of 5) | 1 |
Date metadata was last modified | 11:43, 29 September 2017 |
Unique ID of original document | AAB04D1A17D4AA9B2A4342E712C3FBA8 |
IIM version | 2 |