File:0111321 Nau toran temple, Navatorana mandir, Khor Madhya Pradesh 002.jpg
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[edit]Description0111321 Nau toran temple, Navatorana mandir, Khor Madhya Pradesh 002.jpg |
English: The Nautoran temple, sometimes spelled as the Nava Torana temple, is an 11th century Hindu temple in Khor, Madhya Pradesh. It is notable as one of the few historic Hindu temples that have survived with many of the original toranas.
Toranas – literally, "arched doorway or gateway decorated with art" – are an ancient architectural element in Indian monuments. The earliest Hindu and Buddhist texts mention it as the gateway and feature of major towns and cities, forts, monasteries, stupas and temples. They marked the separation of two spaces, the outside from the inside of a designated site or territory. By about the 4th-century, they became quite elaborate, decorated with relevant artwork, often marking a separation of the mundane space from the spiritual space. They appeared with the doorway to garbhagriya (sanctums) and stupas. Later they appeared as the gateway to temples complex or mukha-mandapa. They would typically include Hindu iconography and reliefs of deity-legends featured in the sanctum. The Nautoran temple – literally temple with "nine arched doorways" – stands on a platform. It has a square plan and three entrances. Each entrance leads to a passage to the mahamandapa. Each passage originally had two toranas emanating from the mouths of makaras (3x2 = 6 toranas). The mahamandapa leads to a sanctum, whose passageway had two more toranas. The sanctum doorway had one more torana, bringing the overall total to nine. At present the 18 makaras can be identified at the site. Six of the original toranas are structurally bound with steel strips to help preserve them. These are profusely carved, as are many other parts of temple interior. The artwork on both sides of each torana includes apsaras, defaced and damaged deities, yogis, yoginis and makaras. This artwork suggests that this may have been a yoga-inspired Shakta or Shiva temple. The ceiling and sikhara of the temple are lost, making the extant site appear as a mere open mandapa. Some of the ruins of the original temple are at the site, and these suggest that this was more than an open mandapa. The broken sections on the top of the mandapa and broken structural components about load bearing pillars confirm that this was at some point a full temple. The center of the Nautoran mandir has a damaged avatar of Vishnu – a small but profusely decorated Varaha statue. Inside the sanctum is a Shiva linga. Both the Varaha and the Shiva linga were recovered from this site's ruins, and were placed during modern era restoration efforts. Given the diversity of icons here, the Nautoran temple was likely a larger multi-shrine complex before the 13th-century. |
Date | |
Source | Own work |
Author | Ms Sarah Welch |
Camera location | 24° 35′ 34.44″ N, 74° 49′ 03.12″ E | View this and other nearby images on: OpenStreetMap | 24.592900; 74.817533 |
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current | 19:18, 18 December 2022 | 1,280 × 960 (2.31 MB) | Ms Sarah Welch (talk | contribs) | Uploaded own work with UploadWizard |
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Camera manufacturer | samsung |
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Camera model | SM-M317F |
Exposure time | 1/457 sec (0.0021881838074398) |
F-number | f/1.8 |
ISO speed rating | 25 |
Date and time of data generation | 12:59, 13 November 2021 |
Lens focal length | 5.23 mm |
Latitude | 24° 35′ 34.44″ N |
Longitude | 74° 49′ 3.12″ E |
Orientation | Normal |
Horizontal resolution | 240 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 240 dpi |
Software used | Luminar AI |
File change date and time | 12:59, 13 November 2021 |
Y and C positioning | Centered |
Exposure Program | Normal program |
Exif version | 2.2 |
Date and time of digitizing | 12:59, 13 November 2021 |
Meaning of each component |
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APEX aperture | 1.69 |
APEX brightness | 16.66 |
APEX exposure bias | 0 |
Maximum land aperture | 1.69 APEX (f/1.8) |
Metering mode | Center weighted average |
Flash | Flash did not fire |
DateTime subseconds | 000 |
DateTimeOriginal subseconds | 000 |
DateTimeDigitized subseconds | 000 |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Color space | sRGB |
Exposure mode | Auto exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 1 |
Focal length in 35 mm film | 24 mm |
Scene capture type | Standard |